Last Glacial Maximum - Last Major Global Climate Change

The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) refers to the most recent period in earths history when the glaciers were at their thickest and the sea levels at their lowest, roughly between 24,000–18,000 calendar years ago (cal bp). During the LGM, continent-wide ice sheets covered high-latitude Europe and North America, and sea levels were between 400–450 feet (120–135 meters) lower than they are today. At the height of the Last Glacial Maximum, all of Antarctica, large parts of Europe, North America, and South America, and small parts of Asia were covered in a steeply domed and thick layer of ice. Last Glacial Maximum: Key Takeaways The Last Glacial Maximum is the most recent time in earths history when the glaciers were at their thickest.  That was approximately 24,000-18,000 years ago.  All of Antarctica, large parts of Europe, North and South America, and Asia were covered by ice.  A stable pattern of glacial ice, sea level, and carbon in the atmosphere has been in place from about 6,700 years.That pattern has been destabilized by global warming as a result of the Industrial Revolution.   Evidence The overwhelming evidence of this long-gone process is seen in sediments laid down by sea level changes all over the world, in coral reefs and estuaries and oceans; and in the vast North American plains, landscapes scraped flat by thousands of years of glacial movement. In the lead up to the LGM between 29,000 and 21,000 cal bp, our planet saw constant or slowly increasing ice volumes, with the sea level reaching its lowest level (about 450 feet below todays norm) when there was about 52x10(6) cubic kilometers more glacial ice than there is today. Characteristics of the LGM Researchers are interested in the Last Glacial Maximum because of when it happened: it was the most recent globally impacting climate change, and it happened and to some degree affected the speed and trajectory of the colonization of the American continents. The characteristics of the LGM that scholars use to help identify the impacts of such a major change include fluctuations in effective sea level, and the decrease and subsequent rise in carbon as parts per million in our atmosphere during that period. Both of those characteristics are similar—but opposite to—the climate change challenges we are facing today: during the LGM, both the sea level and percentage of carbon in our atmosphere were substantially lower than what we see today. We do not as yet know the entire impact of what that means to our planet, but the effects are currently undeniable. The table below shows the changes in effective sea level in the past 35,000 years (Lambeck and colleagues) and parts per million of atmospheric carbon (Cotton and colleagues). Years BP, Sea Level Difference, PPM Atmospheric Carbon2018, 25 centimeters, 408 ppm1950, 0, 300 ppm1,000 BP, -.21 meters -.07, 280 ppm5,000 BP, -2.38 m /-.07, 270 ppm10,000 BP, -40.81 m /-1.51, 255 ppm15,000 BP, -97.82 m /-3.24, 210 ppm20,000 BP, -135.35 m /-2.02, 190 ppm25,000 BP, -131.12 m /-1.330,000 BP, -105.48 m /-3.635,000 BP, -73.41 m /-5.55 The major cause of sea level drop during the ice ages was the movement of water out of the oceans into ice and the planets dynamic response to the enormous weight of all that ice atop our continents. In North America during the LGM, all of Canada, the southern coast of Alaska, and the top 1/4 of the United States were covered with ice extending as far south as the states of Iowa and West Virginia. Glacial ice also covered the western coast of South America, and in the Andes extending into Chile and most of Patagonia. In Europe, the ice extended as far south as Germany and Poland; in Asia ice sheets reached Tibet. Although they saw no ice, Australia, New Zealand and Tasmania were a single landmass; and mountains throughout the world held glaciers. The Progress of Global Climate Change Visitors walking on a trail that leads to the melting and rock-covered Pasterze glacier hike past a lake of glacier water in a rocky basin once filled at least 60 meters deep by glacier ice on August 27, 2016 near Heiligenblut am Grossglockner, Austria. The European Environmental Agency predicts the volume of European glaciers will decline by between 22% and 89% by 2100, depending on the future intensity of greenhouse gases.   Sean Gallup/Getty Images The late Pleistocene period experienced a sawtooth-like cycling between cool glacial and warm interglacial periods  when global temperatures and atmospheric CO2 fluctuated up to 80–100 ppm corresponding with temperature variations of 3–4 degrees Celsius (5.4–7.2 degrees Fahrenheit): increases in atmospheric CO2 preceded decreases in global ice mass. The ocean stores carbon (called carbon sequestration) when the ice is low, and so the net influx of carbon in our atmosphere which is typically caused by cooling gets stored in our oceans. However, a lower sea level also increases salinity, and that and other physical changes to the large-scale ocean currents and sea ice fields also contribute to carbon sequestration. The following is the latest understanding of the process of climate change progress during the LGM from Lambeck et al. 35,000–31,000 cal BP—slow fall in sea level (transitioning out of Ã…lesund Interstadial)31,000–30,000 cal BP—rapid fall of 25 meters, with rapid ice growth especially in Scandinavia29,000–21,000  cal BP—constant or slowly growing ice volumes, eastward and southward expansion of the Scandinavian ice sheet and the southward expansion of the Laurentide ice sheet, lowest at 2121,000–20,000 cal BP—onset of deglaciation,20,000–18,000 cal BP—short-lived sea level rise of 10-15 meters18,000–16,500 cal BP—near constant sea level16,500–14,000 cal BP—major phase of deglaciation, effective sea level change about 120 meters at an average of 12 meters per 1000 years14,500–14,000 cal BP—(Bà ¸lling- Allerà ¸d warm period), high rate of se-level  rise, average rise in sea level 40 mm annually14,000–12,500 cal BP—sea level rises ~20 meters in 1500 years12,500–11 ,500 cal BP—(Younger Dryas), a much-reduced rate of sea-level  rise11,400–8,200 cal BP—near-uniform global rise, about 15 m/1000 years8,200–6,700 cal BP—reduced rate of sea-level  rise, consistent with the final phase of North American deglaciation at 7ka6,700 cal BP–1950—progressive decrease in sea level rise1950–present—first sea rise increase in 8,000 years Global Warming and Modern Sea Level Rise By the late 1890s, the industrial revolution had begun throwing enough carbon into the atmosphere to impact the global climate and start the changes that are currently underway. By the 1950s, scientists such as Hans Suess and Charles David Keeling began to recognize the inherent dangers of human-added carbon in the atmosphere. The global mean sea level (GMSL), according to the Environmental Protection Agency, has risen nearly 10 inches since 1880, and by all measures appears to be accelerating.   Most early measures of current sea level rise have been based on changes in tides at the local level. More recent data comes from satellite altimetry that samples the open oceans, allowing for precise quantitative statements. That measurement began in 1993, and the 25-year record indicates that the global mean sea level has risen at a rate of between 3/-.4 millimeters per year, or a total of nearly 3 inches (or 7.5 cm) since records began. More and more studies indicate that unless carbon emissions are decreased, an additional 2–5 feet (.65–1.30 m) rise by 2100 is likely.   Specific Studies and Long-Term Predictions U.S. Fish and Wildlife ecologist Phillip Hughes inspects dead buttonwood trees which have succumbed to salt water incursion in Big Pine Key, Florida. Since 1963, the Florida Keys upland vegetation is being replaced by salt tolerant vegetation.   Joe Raedle/Getty Images Areas already impacted by sea level rises include the American east coast, where between 2011 and 2015, sea levels rose up to five inches (13 cm). Myrtle Beach in South Carolina experienced high tides in November 2018 which flooded their streets. In the Florida Everglades (Dessu and colleagues 2018), sea level rise has been measured at 5 in (13 cm) between 2001 and 2015. An additional impact is an increase in salt spikes changing the vegetation, due to an increase in inflow during the dry season. Qu and colleagues (2019) studied 25 tidal stations in China, Japan and Vietnam and tidal data indicate that the 1993–2016 sea level rise was 3.2 mm per year (or 3 inches).   Long-term data have been collected throughout the world, and estimates are that by 2100, a 3–6 feet (1–2 meter) rise in the Mean Global Sea Level is possible, accompanied by a 1.5–2 degree Celsius in overall warming. Some of the direst suggest a 4.5-degree rise is not impossible if carbon emissions are not reduced.  Ã‚   The Timing of the American Colonization According to the most current theories, the LGM impacted the progress of human colonization of the American continents. During the LGM, entry into the Americas was blocked by ice sheets: many scholars now believe that the colonists began entering into the Americas across what was Beringia, perhaps as early as 30,000 years ago. According to genetic studies, humans were stranded on the Bering Land Bridge during the LGM between 18,000–24,000 cal BP, trapped by the ice on the island before they were set free by the retreating ice. Sources Bourgeon L, Burke A, and Higham T. 2017. Earliest Human Presence in North America Dated to the Last Glacial Maximum: New Radiocarbon Dates from Bluefish Caves, Canada. PLOS ONE 12(1):e0169486.Buchanan PJ, Matear RJ, Lenton A, Phipps SJ, Chase Z, and Etheridge DM. 2016. The simulated climate of the Last Glacial Maximum and insights into the global marine carbon cycle. Climate of the Past 12(12):2271-2295.Cotton JM, Cerling TE, Hoppe KA, Mosier TM, and Still CJ. 2016. Climate, CO2, and the history of North American grasses since the Last Glacial Maximum. Science Advances 2(e1501346).Dessu, Shimelis B., et al. Effects of Sea-Level Rise and Freshwater Management on Long-Term Water Levels and Water Quality in the Florida Coastal Everglades. Journal of Environmental Management 211 (2018): 164–76. Print.Lambeck K, Rouby H, Purcell A, Sun Y, and Sambridge M. 2014. Sea level and global ice volumes from the Last Glacial Maximum to the Holocene. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sci ences 111(43):15296-15303.Lindgren A, Hugelius G, Kuhry P, Christensen TR, and Vandenberghe J. 2016. GIS-based Maps and Area Estimates of Northern Hemisphere Permafrost Extent during the Last Glacial Maximum. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 27(1):6-16.Moreno PI, Denton GH, Moreno H, Lowell TV, Putnam AE, and Kaplan MR. 2015. Radiocarbon chronology of the last glacial maximum and its termination in northwestern Patagonia. Quaternary Science Reviews 122:233-249.Nerem, R. S., et al. Climate-Change–Driven Accelerated Sea-Level Rise Detected in the Altimeter Era. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115.9 (2018): 2022–25. Print.Qu, Ying, et al. Coastal Sea Level Rise around the China Seas. Global and Planetary Change 172 (2019): 454–63. Print.Slangen, Aimà ©e B. A., et al. Evaluating Model Simulations of Twentieth-Century Sea Level Rise. Part I: Global Mean Sea Level Change. Journal of Climate 30.21 (2017): 8539–63. Print.Willerslev E, Davison J, Moora M, Zobel M, Coissac E, Edwards ME, Lorenzen ED, Vestergard M, Gussarova G, Haile J et al. 2014. Fifty thousand years of Arctic vegetation and megafaunal diet. Nature 506(7486):47-51.

Womanhood and Failures through the Burden of Self Esteem...

For a young and passionate college student, expectations from peers, teachers, and parents can be intimidating and emotionally draining. For most parents, having their child succeed is a top priority, and children want to exceed parents’ expectations by achieving good grades and a high standard in school. In the poem â€Å"Suicide Note,† by Janice Mirikitani, a female Asian American college student is struggling to live up to her parents expectations. She does not receive a perfect grade point average that her parents are expecting, and she does not have the strength to face them in person. For this young college student, her strengths are not strong enough, and her will and determination are overcome by insecurities and discontent. The speaker†¦show more content†¦She feels if she was a man she would be worthy of the acceptance and â€Å"comfort† in her parent’s eyes (16). The speaker is motivated to apologize to her parents because she is consum ed by the thought that she is not good enough, and lacks confidence because she is a daughter. The speaker in the poem uses repetition to illustrate her frustrations with self esteem and confidence. Because the speaker was unable to receive a high grade point average, she is afraid to face her parents; she is disappointed in herself and repeats that she is â€Å"not good enough, [and] not smart enough† (3-4). In the speaker’s mind, her disappointment is the last straw; she knows her parents will only criticize her, but she wants them to be proud. She says, â€Å"I apologize/ for disappointing you/ I’ve worked very hard/ not good enough† (5-8). The speaker believes she is a failure in life, and she does not believe that her life is worth living in the end if she cannot achieve her goals, whether they are her goals, or her parent’s goals. The intruding repetition throughout the poem shows how the speaker truly believes in her own mind and in the minds of her parent’s, : that she is not good or strong enough to live up to her own expect ations for herself, or her parent’s expectations. She is just a sparrow in a life of failure, and her â€Å"fragile wings† are â€Å"not strong enough† to soar above the disappointment (34-35).Show MoreRelatedEssay on Ambiguous Women: The Power of the Female Narrative3068 Words   |  13 Pagesat these works raises critical questions: From where have women come? Have women liberated themselves over the past century and through what means? What has it taken for women to turn their world right-side up? 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The change in fortune of the main personage is often the consequence of a fatal flaw in his/her character, or an error of judgment called â€Å"hamartia.† The failure of the hero (or heroine) is also due to his/her â€Å"hubris,† a false sense of pride in his/her own secure position. The tragic dramatist must choose suitably heroic characters and place them in a well constructed plot, which aims at representing actionsRead MoreSda Manual Essay101191 Words   |  405 Pages......................... Church Responsible for Dealing With Sin ............................... Unconsecrated Resist Church Discipline ................................. Rules and Regulations Necessary ............................................ Self-appointed Organizations .................................................. Safeguarding the Unity of the Church ........................................... Settlement of Differences Among Members ............................. 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Assignment 3 to Assignment 10

Questions: Assignment 3 Identify the following terms International Law. public international law private international law multilateral treaty bilateral treaty convention state recognition Assignment 4 Prepare a case summary of Sei Fujii vs. State of California Assignment 5 Prepare a case summary of Gibbons vs. Ogden which may be found online Assignment 8 Write a 1-2 page essay about the CISG? When and how does it apply and when does it not apply? Assignment 9 Go to the Texas Secretary of State website and obtain the form necessary to create a new Texas Corporation. Fill out the form with the appropriate information for a fictional corporation and attach hereto. Assignment 10 Write a 1 to 1 1/2 page paper explaining the advantages of a Texas LLC? How would it benefit a new business? Answers: Assignment 3: 1. International Law: International law can be referred as the set of rules that are generally accepted and regarded as binding in the relations between the nations and between the states. The international law provides the framework for the organised international relations and the stable practice within the nations or states. It can be said that the legal system of the state can differ from the international law. The governance of international law is basically consent-based and others are obligatory (Allen, 2013). 2. Public International Law: Public international law is concerned with the conduct and the structure of the sovereign states. The public international law governs the relationship between the international entities and the states. There are several legal fields that are included in the law such as international humanitarian law or the laws of war, international criminal law, law of sea, treaty law, and the international human rights law (Wallace Martin-Ortega, 2013). 3. Private International Law: Private international law can be referred as the legal framework that is composed of case law, uniform documents, legal guides, model laws, protocols, conventions, practice and customs as well as instruments and documents that can regulate the relationships between the individuals in the international context (Shaw, 2003). It is also referred as the conflict of laws and it is concerned with the relations across various legal jurisdictions between corporate entities or individuals. 4. ultilateral Treaties: A multilateral treaty can be referred as the treaty among three or more sovereign state parties. There are certain obligations that are maintained by each sovereign state party. Some of the examples of the multilateral treaties are Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, the Geneva Convention, and United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea etc (Wallace Martin-Ortega, 2013). 5. Bilateral Treaties: A bilateral treaty can be referred as the treaty that is conducted strictly between two state parties. The two parties can be two international organisations, to states or one international organisation and one state. It is also referred as the contractual treaty (Wallace Martin-Ortega, 2013). A bilateral treaty can become a multilateral treaty if new parties are added in the treaty. 6. Convention: The convention can be referred as the formal meeting of the political parties, delegates, representatives and the professionals. It is the formal assembly of the delegates and various representatives for discussing a specific issue or matter that is a common concern matter. 7. State: State is basically referred as the organised community that lives under the same government and under certain rules and regulations. Some of the states have sovereignty and these states are members of federal union. There can also be secular branches of government within the states like the civilian institutes and the churches (Shaw, 2003). The states govern the human societies and various rules and regulations are also implemented in order maintain the law within the state. In recent years, the nation-state framework is predominant in the society. 8. Recognition: Recognition can be referred as the process where various facts gain the legal status after being accepted by the law. Acquisition of a territory and sovereignty over the region, statehood etc can be considered under the function of recognition (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2014). Conforming to the statehood criteria is a political one and after recognition, the acknowledgement of sovereignty is also made. In case of statehood, the international recognition is also very important according to the declaratory theory of recognition. In case of recognition, an already existing situation or fact is accepted or conformed (Fabry, 2013). Assignment 4: Case Summary of SeiFujii vs. State of California: Here the case summary of SeiFujii vs. State of California can be presented. The case was held in an intermediate appellate court where it was stated that the violation of the alien land law occurred in terms of the human rights provisions of the United Nations Charter and thus the decision was reversed (Justia Law, 2015). In the State Supreme Court, the State of California appealed regarding the ownership of the land. The racial discrimination was prohibited in the 14th Amendment of the US constitution and thus the invalidity of the California alien law was established. In 1948, Mr. Fuji purchased a real estate property in California. Under the US naturalisation law, Mr. Fuji was ineligible for citizenship in the USA. Mr. Fuji bought the land, under the California alien land law and thus he appealed to the court stating if the US constitution is violated by the California law (Justia Law, 2015). In such circumstances, the United Nations Charter will be applicable automatically. So the main issue was regarding the validity of the alien land law of California. The provisions of the preamble states in Article 1, that there is conflict between the alien land law and the UN Charter. Whether the treaty is self-executing or not, it is determined by applying the rules. It is also evident that the standing alone can be enforced in the court but the treaties cannot supersede the local laws unless they are self-executing. It is requested by the UN Charter that observance of human rights are promoted with fundamental freedom and they should be consistent with t he laws. According to the 14th amendment of the US Constitution it is accepted that the there is violation in the law (Scocal.stanford.edu, 2015). It was also contended that if the alien residents possess the land then there is no indication of any form of dangerous to the interests of the state. It was also contended that there was no indication of the wrongful use of the land in terms injuring the welfare, safety or the morals of the public. The designing and the administration of the California law is done as an instrument that can resolve the cases of racial discrimination. Assignment 5: Case Summary of Gibbons vs. Ogden: Here the case summary of the Gibbons vs. Ogden can be provided. It was one of the famous cases where landmark decision was made where the power was held by the United States Supreme Court for regulating interstate commerce. The power was granted by the United States Constitutions Commerce Clause and it encompassed the navigation power. Some of the United States most capable and admired attorneys argued the case. Robert Fulton and Robert R. Livingston were granted the exclusive rights by the New York for the steam boat navigation on the waters of New York State. They also petitioned territorial and states legislature for the same monopolies in the line of steamboats. However the petition was accepted by only Orleans Territory (Lawnix.com, 2015). Ogden was assigned the rights by Livingston to navigate between various ports of New Jersey and New York. Three years later the partnership collapsed. Aaron Ogden filed a complaint in the New York court for restraining Thomas Gibbons from navigating on those waters. It was contended by the lawyer of Ogden that some laws were passed by the states on the interstate issues and a concurrent power should be fully owned by the state on such matters for executing the right decisions. Daniel Webster, the lawyer of Gibbons argued that according to Article 1, Section 8 of the Constitution, Congress had the exclusive national power over the interstate commerce and there can be contradictions and confusions in the local regulation policies if argued otherwise (Lawnix.com, 2015). The Court of Errors of New York and the Court of Chancery of New York found in favour of the Ogden. An injunction for the restriction of Gibbons was issued in terms of operating the boats. Afterwards, Gibbons applied in the Supreme Court and he presented the same arguments contending the fact of conflicts between the federal law and the monopoly. The case was delayed for some period and afterwards the meaning of the commerce clause was discussed in 1824 and at that time the issue had become of a greater and wider interest. The U.S. Supreme Court made his decision in the favour of Gibbons. The main argument of the power of the Congress was in terms of the Commerce Clause. But it was also held in court that commerce can be more than mere traffic. Here a broader definition included the navigation as well. The case was very important as the case marked the start of a 40-year period of history where the ability of the federal government was limited by the Supreme Court. Under the Commerce Clause, the Supreme Court changed the federal authority clause. Thus the case was significant due to such reasons. Assignment 6: Case Summary of Worldwide Volkswagen vs. Woodson: Worldwide Volkswagen Corp vs. Woodson was a United States Supreme Court case involving various considerations and procedural issues and strict product liability. The case brief can be given here. Kay and Harry Robinson bought a new Audi 100 LS in 1976 from Seaway Volkswagen from New York. The following year the Audi was struck y a drunk driver from the rear the following year when Kay Robinson passed through Oklahoma to Arizona. The collision did not injure any of the Robinsons but the door of the Audi jammed due to the crash and thus it was shut and it also resulted in a gas tank puncture (Lawnix.com, 2015). Due to the gas leak, Kay Robinson and her two children Sam and Eva were severely burned and trapped in the car. The Robinson family did not sued the drunk driver as he had no asset or insurance but they sued the manufacturers of the car, stating that the product was defective and that is the main reason for the injuries of the family especially the location of the gas tank that was just below the trunk and it increased the chances of puncture and gas leak. The Robinson family sued the Audi manufacturer and also Volkswagen (importer) along with Worldwide Volkswagen Corp. (regional distributor) and Seaway Volkswagen (retailer dealer). The lawsuit was filed in the Creek County, Oklahoma. When the defendants of the case were brought they stated that limitations on states jurisdiction will be offended if Oklahoma exercise personal jurisdiction over them according to the Constitution of the United States. So they asked to be removed from the lawsuit (Lawnix.com, 2015). The constitutional claim of Seaway and Worldwide was rejected by the district court whereas the Supreme Court reversed the decision and stated the Oklahoma did not have the jurisdiction over Worldwide and Seaway. Assignment 7 The rule of strict liability is the standard for incurring liability either in the civil or criminal context. According to this rule, any person should be made liable for any damage caused by such acts of the person regardless of the fact that any negligence or fault on the part of such person. In the tort law, the imposition of strict liability depends on the evidence of the occurrence of tort given by the claimant that makes the defendant liable. This rule of strict liability was established by the House of Lords in the case of Rylands v Fletcher (Rylands v Fletcher, 1868). Negligence on the other hand, refers to the failure of any person to exercise due care which any other reasonable man under similar circumstances would have exercised. The law of negligence was illustrated in the case of Donoghue v. Stevenson (Donoghue v. Stevenson, 1932) , where the House of Lords stated that reasonable foreseeable harm needs to be compensated. According to the rule of strict liability, the plaintiff only is required to prove that the damage has occurred due to the defendant. It is not necessary for the plaintiff to prove that the defendant did not take due care to avoid the act. Even if the defendant had taken proper care, he would be liable for the damage under this rule (gmu, n.d.). However, in the case of negligence, there are three steps to prove the defendant was liable. Firstly the plaintiff has to prove that damage has occurred. Secondly, he has to prove that the defendant had a duty to care under the given circumstances and finally it is to be proved that the damage was caused due to the negligent act of the defendant. Also the standard to contributory negligence is also taken into account when the plaintiff has contributed to the negligent act of the defendant. Hence the defenses available for a defendant are more under the rule of negligence than under the rule o strict liability. Assignment 8 The term CISG refers to the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods. The primary objective of the CISG is to give new, consistent and just regime for the contracts in the sphere of international sale of goods. Hence this convention makes significant contribution to the introduction of certainty in the commercial exchanges and also decreases transaction costs (Ferrari, 2012). The contract of sale is an extremely essential part of international trade in most countries regardless of the level of tradition or economic development. For this reason the CISG is considered as the core conventions of international trade law and it is desired that all countries adopt this convention. This convention was the consequence of the legislative efforts which began during the twentieth century. The text of the convention was such that it balanced the interests of the buyers and sellers and further reformed the contract laws at the national level. The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods generally applies to the contracts for international sale of goods when the private international law rules apply to the laws of the contracting state or when the contractual parties opt for these regulations not considering their nationality or place of business. In the last situation, the CISG would assist by providing a neutral body of rules which can be easily accepted due to the transnational nature and the available interpretative materials. The contracts for international sales of goods between private businesses are governed by the CSIG. However, the sales relating to customers or the sale of services or sale of some specific kind of goods are excluded in this regard. The convention does apply to contracts of sale between parties whose place of business is in different contracting countries. Further the Convention applies by virtue of the choice of the parties. The validity of the contract or the effects of the contract on the property in the sold goods which are essential factors in relation to the international sale of goods are not included in the scope of the Convention. The CISG also deals with the formation of the contract and the conditions of offer and acceptance. Another essential part of the Convention deals with the obligations of the parties to the contract. Among the duties of the sellers the duty to deliver goods in accordance with the quality and quantity is incorporated. It also includes the transfer of property in the goods and other required documents. The duties of the buyer comprises of payment of the price, taking the delivery etc. Additionally, this portion of the Convention also includes common rules relating to the remedies in case of any breach. The party which has suffered damage might claim damages, performance, part performance or avoidance of the contract. Further rules include the passing of risk, damages, exemption from the performance of the contract or anticipatory breach of contract. The CISG further permits the freedom for the form of the contract. The application of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods extends to the international transactions only. It does not include within itself the recourse to the rules of private international law for those contracts that fall within its ambit. The international contracts or contracts with valid choice of other law that are not included in the CISG application will not be in any way affected by the Convention. Further the domestic contracts are also not affected by the Convention. Assignment 10: Benefits of Texas LLC: The limited liability company (LLC) law has been adopted by Texas like every other state in the U.S. Thus the business unit that will operate in Texas will also have the choice of operating under LLC with other traditional choices like corporation, partnership and sole proprietorship. For many small business units LLS can be very attractive choice as it can offer various benefits to the corporation (Residual-rewards.com, 2015). Here it can be said that the limited liability corporations have much more flexibility and they also enjoy the same protection from the creditors and there is also flow-through tax treatment in case of partnership. But the flexibility of the Texas LLC is the most effective quality of the operation. The public support is also given by the state of Texas to the Texas LLC. Here the benefits of the Texas LLC can be provided. Name Protection: In the state of Texas, when a company is registered as a limited liability company, protection is provided to the name chosen of the company as no other company can select the name in the state. The protection of the name can ensure the protection of the image of the brand along with the reputation of the company. Tax Advantages: The business also receives tax benefits after forming an LLC in Texas. The business expenses and the operating cost can be deduced from the businesss gross revenue in a Texas LLC. In the LLC of Texas, the depreciation can also be deduced from the assets of the company Protection of Personal Assets: The business structure of the limited liability company in Texas meets the regulations of the state but the owners and the members of the company also receives the protection. If a lawsuit is filed against the Texas LLC then there is benefit of the protection of the assets of the LLC Company. Secretary of State Support: When a business is registered in the Texas LLC then the business also registers with the state and the company receives the support system of the state. The protection is provided under the set provisions of the Texas Miscellaneous Corporation Laws Act (TMCLA) and the Texas Business Corporation Act (TBCA). Flexibility in the Choices of Profit: It is known that the Federal law sets the business structure of the limited liability company. The state of Texas adopts the same law, allowing the businesses for choosing the business structure of the LLC. Thus there is flexibility of choice as the company can decide on the structure of a partnership or a corporation (Companiesinc.com, 2015). No Requirement of Record keeping: There is no need for the limited liability company in Texas to keep the copious and minute records. Thus these are the main benefits of the Texas LLC. Thus it can be said that if a new business unit tries to open a new business as a Texas LLC then various benefits can be received by the new business unit especially if the business unit intends to add partners in the company. The company can be protected from the lawsuits and debts. The members get the protection from the liability and a multi-tiered ownership is also allowed in the company. The protection of name can establish the brand image of the company in the market which can be very beneficial for the new organisation (Companiesinc.com, 2015). References Allen, S. (2013).International law. Harlow, Essex, England: Pearson Education. Companiesinc.com,. (2015).Texas LLC - Incorporate a Texas Limited Liability Company or LLC. Retrieved 31 January 2015, from https://www.companiesinc.com/llc/texas.asp Encyclopedia Britannica,. (2014).international law :: Recognition. Retrieved 30 January 2015, from https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/291011/international-law/233507/Recognition Fabry, M. (2013). Theorizing state recognition.Int. Theory,5(01), 165-170. doi:10.1017/s1752971913000080 Justia Law,. (2015).Sei Fujii v. State of California. Retrieved 30 January 2015, from https://law.justia.com/cases/california/supreme-court/2d/38/718.html Lawnix.com,. (2015).Gibbons v. Ogden Case Brief Summary. Retrieved 30 January 2015, from https://www.lawnix.com/cases/gibbons-ogden.html Lawnix.com,. (2015).World-Wide Volkswagen Corp. v. Woodson Case Brief Summary. Retrieved 31 January 2015, from https://www.lawnix.com/cases/world-wide-volkswagen-woodson.html Residual-rewards.com,. (2015).Texas LLC advantages and disadvantages. Retrieved 31 January 2015, from https://www.residual-rewards.com/texas-llc.html Scocal.stanford.edu,. (2015).Sei Fujii v. State of California - 38 Cal.2d 718 - Thu, 04/17/1952 | California Supreme Court Resources. Retrieved 30 January 2015, from https://scocal.stanford.edu/opinion/sei-fujii-v-state-california-26246 Shaw, M. (2003).International law. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. Wallace, R., Martin-Ortega, O. (2013).International law. London: Sweet Maxwell.

The Concept of Wireless Networking and Computing †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Concept of Wireless Networking and Computing. Answer: The concept of Wireless Networking, Wireless Computing and Wireless Access Point may be known to people but what is exactly these Wireless Technologies depict. Network exists so that the data could be send from one to another place is what the basic concept of data communication stands for. With this kind of connection, all of these devices will be able to be controlled remotely and easily (Liang Yu, 2015). Our TV, refrigerator, Air Conditioner, even for some other things such as windows and door, will be able to be controlled via our personal device. Wireless network utilizes some specific equipment such as NICs Routers in place of wires like optical and copper (Hu Qian, 2014). Transmissions of data using electromagnetic waves in open space, carrying the information send/ received over a well defined frequency band channesls. Here, we are going to discuss the use of Wireless technologies and the way they enhances our daily life (De Judicibus et al., 2013). Explaining further the d ata communication components, possible wireless technologies used in various places. Data communications can be achieved through a process called network. For more cost saving and mobility wireless technologies were implemented. Wireless communication/Wireless networks have been used since 1876, and has been rapidly and widely used to develop wireless network computers (Sutaria et al., 2014). Wireless refers to the method of transferring information between computing devices such as PDA (Personal Data Assistant) and data sources like an agency database server without having a physical connection or wires. Wireless Technology transmits information generally by using radio waves without using cables or wiring. Data Standards of wireless communications include Bluetooth, WiMax and DECT (Chen et al., 2015). Examples of devices that are generally used as wireless technologies are RFID, Bluetooth, WirelessHD/WiGig, Satellites, Cellular, Wi-Fi based wireless LANs and WMAN. Implementation of applications of radio wireless technologies are GPS units, wireless computers, keybo ards, headsets, headphones, television broadcasts, etc. There are many advantages of using wireless technology for computer networks: 1. Mobility and 2, Cost-savings. Freely moving within home, office, business or city, maintaining a proper connection to other computers on the same network systems (Jiang et al., 2015) all these can be sorted by using a wireless network. Sometimes cabling can be expensive and long distance coverage gets tough, in difficult level terrains or in well established organization so it may save some considerable amount for using a wireless network instead in a suitable environment that is provided. Wide Area Networks (WANs) using wireless technology means one have to pay access to the existing telecommunications infrastructure. The radio spectrum is therefore divided into sub-bands which are based on each frequency range, suitable for the given sets of application. Suitability of the band can be determines the given frequencies by the functional process of the atmospheric propagation characteristics, as well as system aspects, like the required antenna size and power limitations. This Increases number of mobile radio communication systems used in our daily life. Door openers in garage, cordless telephones, remote controllers for home entertainment equipment, pagers, walkie-talkies, and mobile phones are all examples of mobile radio communication systems (Chen, 2013). However, the complexity, cost, performance and types of services offered by mobile systems are decreasing. Wi-Fi- Networks use the Radio Technologies to transmit and receive data at a high speed: IEEE 802.1lb, IEEE 802.1la and IEEE 802.1.lg Typical uses of wireless technologies include: Wireless access point for a home or small business to the internet for more than one desktops, tablets, mobile phone and laptops. Physically separate buildings such as mobile sites, farm buildings, business premises are linked via wireless networks. Public places Hotspots for restaurants, parks, hotels etc (Pathan, 2016). Wireless ISP infrastructure. Remote access to equipments like device controllers or remote sensors such as irrigation systems, self closing doors, temperature sensors, CCTV. Analyzing possible wireless technologies includes: RFID- Electromagnetic fields to identify and track tags attached to objects automatically by using Radio-frequency identification (RFID). RFID are attached to an object and are used to track and manage assets, people, electronic devices etc (Tan Wu, 2013). These are usually affixed over cars, computers, mobiles etc. Used in various other applications such as: Access management, Tracking of goods, Tracking of person and animals, Contactless payment, Airport Baggage tracking logistics, Tracking bills and processes, Human Identification, Institutions and Complement to barcode. Bluetooth- It is a kind of wireless technology that exchanges data over short distances by use of short-wavelengths from fixed or mobile devices building Personal Area Network (PAN) from wave length of 2.4 to 2.485 GHz. It is packet based protocol used in phones, laptops, tablets or any digital wireless device using the radio technology. Master BR/EDR Bluetooth devices can communicate with almost seven devices at a time. It is easy to access and user friendly. WirelessHD/WiGig- The Wireless Gigabit Alliance (WiGig) was a trade association that develops and promotes the adoption of multi-gigabit per second. Speeds up the wireless communication technology operating on unlicensed frequency band. This is used for wireless transmission of high-definition video content for consumer electronic products. The founder initially intended to use this technology for Consumer Electronic devices, PCs and portable devices (Khan Pathan, 2013). Satellite- Satellite wireless communication is artificial satellite relaying and amplifying radio telecommunication signals via transponders, creating communication channel within the different locations on the Earth by source transmitter and receiver. Telephonic application, televisions, Radio broadcasting, Radio transmission, Internet access and military access, some of the highly confidential information are transmitted using the satellite device for protection against hacking (Pathan, 2016). Cellular- Cellular network or mobile networks are commonly used communication network system. The network is then distributed over land areas knows as cells, each served by at least one transceiver that is fixed in location or base stations. This station provides network coverage which is used for transmission of voice data and other information. Cellular network offers some desirable features like: larger capacity the single transmitter, mobile devices uses less power and larger coverage area than single terrestrial transmitter. Wi-Fi-based wireless LAN- This links two or more devices within limited area like school, computer labs, office or at home. This makes flexible for users to roam around within the local area coverage and still be connected to the wider internet. There are four types of wireless LANs: Infrastructure, Peer-to-Peer, Wireless Distribution system and Bridge. WMAN- This is a wireless broadband used in wider areas like stations, airport, railway stations, giving access with identified security pass codes of the mobile (Stallings, Tahiliani, 2014). We can build our own wireless network system, all we need is: Computer- First need is devices and wireless-capable computers like wireless access points or routers. By the use of dedicated hardware we can build our own access point or router. Wireless card- Wireless expansion cards or wireless adapters can handle the processing of the data, which may be transmitted or received over some wireless networks. These card supports one or more of the 802.11 standards therefore has unusual characteristics regarding the used chipset, maximum output power, receive sensitivity, speed, etc. Antenna- Wireless computers can use the antennas to improve reception and transmission quality. Each antenna has radiation of descriptive pattern, with Omni-directional (360) which are commonly used. Antennas are directional or sectaries, with transmission and reception occurring in a narrower and more specific direction. Determination of the output power (EIRP) of a wireless device is by gain of an antenna with combination with output power of wireless cards (Jiang et al., 2015). Pigtail- Pigtail is necessary to connect wireless card to an antenna. Some pigtails can connect directly to the antenna by the wireless card, while some others connect from another pigtail to the antenna, allowing distant placement of the antenna from the given wireless card. Software- Software helps in running the wireless hardware. Some drivers are needed for wireless cards and a network-capable operating system. Finding a link to the driver for wireless cards and various other operating systems. Disadvantages of wireless communication are there still remains a safety issue regarding wireless devices since data loss is common during the transmission. Even the security of the data access is under attack by various unauthorized malicious cyber hackers and websites. And since there are no evidence regarding the health risk associated of using wireless devices in our daily life, it is wiser to be always aware of the concern and consequences that may cause damage (Pathan, 2016). The advantages of Wireless network system hence provide Mobility, Ease of installation, Flexibility, Costing, Security, Reliability, Roaming and Speed. Since the simplicity and the cost effective way that connects to internet without the requirement of wire, the wireless connection has grown wide and hence its impacts in our daily life. Freedom of users is hence prior to any industry or organization for the development and well being of the population (Tan Wu, 2013). So we conclude that use of wireless communication and some suitable protocols, installation and maintenance cost can be collectively reduced without degenerating the performance of the network system. And it provides the flexibility in the factory automation restructuring and planning. As in recommendation the best way for higher development in this wireless network system is to bring 5G wireless network system in use and reassure the security and safety for the public. The drawbacks can be overcome by the wireless 5G network which enhances the speed and security of the network system. 5G technology is trending in availability in the market on 2020 at affordable cost and with more facilities. The security of the network system has to be better. The encryption technology has to be larger as compared to 3G or $G technology because. Now a day cyber attack and hacking is major issue and because of this transmission gets tough as there is always a chance of data loss in the process of transmission. References Chen, L. (2013).Wireless network security. New York, Higher Educational Press. Chen, M., Zhang, Y., Hu, L., Taleb, T., Sheng, Z. (2015). Cloud-based wireless network: Virtualized, reconfigurable, smart wireless network to enable 5G technologies.Mobile Networks and Applications,20(6), 704-712. De Judicibus, D., Leopardi, S., Modeo, L., Pergola, N. (2013).U.S. Patent No. 8,352,360. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Hu, R. Q., Qian, Y. (2014). An energy efficient and spectrum efficient wireless heterogeneous network framework for 5G systems.IEEE Communications Magazine,52(5), 94-101. Jiang, D., Xu, Z., Li, W., Chen, Z. (2015). Network coding-based energy-efficient multicast routing algorithm for multi-hop wireless networks.Journal of Systems and Software,104, 152-165. Khan, S., Pathan, A. K. (2013).Wireless networks and security. Berlin: Springer. Liang, C., Yu, F. R. (2015). Wireless network virtualization: A survey, some research issues and challenges.IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials,17(1), 358-380. Pathan, A. S. K. (Ed.). (2016).Security of self-organizing networks: MANET, WSN, WMN, VANET. CRC press. Pathan, A. S. K. (Ed.). (2016).Security of self-organizing networks: MANET, WSN, WMN, VANET. CRC press. Stallings, W., Tahiliani, M. P. (2014).Cryptography and network security: principles and practice(Vol. 6). London: Pearson. Sutaria, J., Nanjundeswaran, S., Gustafson, B., Van Gent, R. (2014).U.S. Patent No. 8,831,561. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Tan, C. C., Wu, J. (2013). Security in RFID networks and communications. InWireless Network Security(pp. 247-267). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

Wrongful Conviction of Mark Diaz Bravo Essay Example

Wrongful Conviction of Mark Diaz Bravo Essay Mr. Mark Diaz Bravo was on his normal duties as a nurse at the metropolitan State hospital in Los Angeles on 20 February, 1990, when a long time patient in the hospital informed a guard that she had been raped. The lady gave out some names of the people she deemed suspects during an interview with the hospital authorities. She included Bravo’s name as one of the most suspected people behind the attack. The following morning Bravo was arrested and charged with rape. He maintained that he was not involved in the crime since he left the hospital at around 11;00 am that morning and he had returned later in that afternoon after attending several meetings till 3:00 pm. He went ahead to assert that he even went home after that day’s work without knowledge of what had taken place that day. Although the defense attorney had asked for DNA testing to be carried out by the district attorney’s office on the items that were in the scene of the crime before the trial, the prosecution during the trial argued that there was no request for DNA testing before trial and he therefore asked the court to continue without the DNA tests. Eventually, the court convicted Bravo and subsequently sentenced him to eight years in prison. The only evidence brought forward by the prosecution was a blanket that was in the crime scene. It had some traces of male biological deposits with the blood found in only 3% of the people suspected, with Bravo included. False testifies by the analysis indicated that only 1.5 % of the male people possessed that blood type. This resulted to the jurors believing that there was double statistic probability than it was really thought to be initially. This piece of evidence was strengthened by the identification of the victim. The prosecution of the Bravo case based its argument on several issue; Bravo had been named by the victim as her assailant as well as the identification she made in the court during the trial; Mark Diaz bravo had made some misrepresentation of himself in his previous job applications as well as business cards; Bravo’s blood type was consistent to the blood tests that were performed on a blanket near the scene of crime We will write a custom essay sample on Wrongful Conviction of Mark Diaz Bravo specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Wrongful Conviction of Mark Diaz Bravo specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Wrongful Conviction of Mark Diaz Bravo specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Bravo’s efforts to make appeal all the way to the California Supreme Court were disaccorded. Later, the State Supreme Court denied chance of examining new evidence and subsequently upheld Bravo’s conviction. On October 1993, the case was sent back to the Los Angeles Supreme Court.   Post conviction motions were allowed and DNA testing was conducted. The testing was done on a blanket, sheet and a pair of panties which were taken from the scene of crime. On December 24, 1993, the results were released indicating that none of the stains were matching with the DNA profile of Bravo as well as the rape victim. Bravo’s advocate filed a writ of habeas corpus on January 4, 1994.Consequently Bravo’s conviction as the perpetrator was withdrawn followed by an order by the Supreme Court Judge on January 6, 1994 to have bravo released immediately. The judge stated that Mr. Bravo did not get a fair trail, that the victim had recanted her testimony and that the DNA test had proved irrefutable. The charges against Bravo were dropped consequently on January 7, 1994 and Bravo was released from prison after spending three years there of his sentence (James, 1996, p.564). This case of rape was certainly horrible for the victim and her family, but arresting and convicting the wrong person for the crime he did not commit makes him a victim too while the actual perpetuator is still walking free in the streets and perhaps continuing to terrorize other people with the same acts or more violent and serious crimes. The law enforcement   Ã‚  officers ought to have considered what the victim of the crime has to say, the events that happened to her, the approach made to the victim, what the perpetrator said, what weapons he had if any as well as the demeanor of the victim as she was talking about the crime; she was in shock state, or if she was cooking up the evidence. They ought to consider that the said perpetrator would spend his time in prison by their words. The law enforcement officers together with the prosecutors also have to understand that there are challenges as well as problems that usually prevail in the criminal justice system prior to fixing an ything (Cassell, 2004, p. 657). There are more than hundreds innocent defendants already serving their jail terms. Some reports have indicated that about 25 per cent of the innocent defendants in jail were convicted wrongly even prior to availability of forensic DNA typing. It is the obligation of the court and the entire criminal justice system to decide whether these people should continue being incarcerated or order the testing of DNA. If they are found innocent, then they should be set free and the actual perpetrators traced, prosecuted and hanged! To accomplish this law, there is the needs to cater for the law suits that are filed upon the criminal justice system for wrongful imprisonment and the establishment of law to cater for millions of dollars that are needed for DNA testing. This DNA technology can be utilized within the current legal framework in undoing previous injustices. This can be worked together to avoid wrongful conviction of the past as well as creating a new possible better system of convicti ng the current and future perpetrators of the crimes. Through out the Criminal justice system there are several cases of wrongful conviction just like Bravo’s with some convicts being exonerated from death row. Some jurors feel quite sure of guilt of they have declared the convict should be in prison. The lack of sufficient evidence, the misconduct as well as the illogical theory brought by the prosecution are suspicious of wrongful conviction and needs appellate intervention to throw out such kind of flawed conviction. The Criminal justice system is best perceived as an approach to search for fair justice. Its ruling posses direct impacts to the concerned as well as the trust of the public to the system. To make improvement on the efficiency of the system; the forensic utilization of DNA would become crucial in the search for such justice. DNA technology development assists prosecutors as well as the police in the war against crime. It helps prosecutors to conclusively find the defendant’s guilt. Just like figure prints, DNA evidence provides the prosecutors with crucial tools in identifying and apprehending some violent crime perpetrators especially in sexual assault cases. DNA assists in searching for facts by exonerating the innocent suspect. Some times the criminal justice system happens to be less infallible, with some cases in search for the truth taking a tortuous way. Some people who don’t plead guilty are convicted and subsequently sentenced to long term prison terms. The same people later on challenges their convictions by use of DNA tests on the prevailing evidence and end up gaining their freedom after serving some years in prison (Choo, 1993, p. 75). DNA profiling introduction has made some significant revolution in the criminal justice system. It has granted the police and courts a way of finding crime perpetrators with degree of confidence. Initially the only methods utilized analyzing genetic marker of the blood and other body fluids included the absorption-elution test, the lattes test and the absorption-inhibition test. ABO blood group substances and ABO iosantibidies were the only ones that could be detected in biological stain evidence. With time the system adopted the electrophoretic approach for typing polymorphic proteins that included esterase D, glyoxalase, phosphoglucomutase and hemoglobin. Although these methods had the capability of narrowing down the possible source of biological stain evidence, they usually did not give the result due to deterioration of the genetic marker and ended producing erroneous results. DNA have been used significantly to advance the biological stain evidence analysis including for some reasons such as; its molecule has more stability than polymorphic   proteins, it has more chances of exonerating wrongly accused suspects and that microbial degradation never results to wrong results. DNA profiling has even led to reopening and examining the old cases. Using this new technology, people convicted of murder as well as rape have had the chance to have their cases reopened and reexamined. A research study carried out by the institute of Law and Justice identified 28 cases where DNA testing resulted to exoneration of individuals initially convicted of rape as well as murder. DNA profiling has also been crucial in correcting injustice where the information initially was anecdotal. The DNA profiling research results ought to give strong arguments in assisting law enforcement agencies in creating DNA laboratories for testing. DNA profiling advent would go a long way in cubing miscarriages of justice. Mary suspects who are wrongly accused would be exonerated in the first stages of testing of physical evidence even before considering prosecution. In addition to all of these, DNA would require adequate legal counsel to make consultations with competent scientific experts. The DNA profiling should not be used selectively. There should be sufficient time to carry out the testing as well as dealing with the challenge of the cost of carrying out the test. It is important for the law enforcement agencies to see to it that all possibilities have the support of DNA testimony and jurors need being conscious of the information before making crucial decisions like guilty verdict (Pattenden, 1996, p. 98). There is also the need to allow relevant, reliable and qualitative expert opinion. The random match probability in DNA testing is quit remote if a reliable mutinous match is provided. The experts need to testify from their pervious experience if they have awareness of the random matches and if the if a certain sample of evidence matches another to a certain logical degree of scientific certainty. Since the DNA have more degree of certainty, it should be treated differently fro other modes such as fingerprints, hair and fiber samples, ballistics and shoe prints.

Definition and Examples of Linguistic Competence

Definition and Examples of Linguistic Competence The term linguistic competence refers to the unconscious knowledge of grammar that allows a speaker to use and understand a language. Also known as grammatical competence or I-language.  Contrast with linguistic performance. As used by Noam Chomsky and other linguists, linguistic competence is not an evaluative term. Rather, it refers to the innate linguistic knowledge that allows a person to match sounds and meanings. In  Aspects of the Theory of Syntax  (1965), Chomsky wrote, We thus make a fundamental distinction between competence  (the speaker-hearers knowledge of his language) and performance  (the actual use of language in concrete situations). Examples and Observations Linguistic competence constitutes knowledge of language, but that knowledge is tacit, implicit. This means that people do not have conscious access to the principles and rules that govern the combination of sounds, words, and sentences; however, they do recognize when those rules and principles have been violated. . . . For example, when a person judges that the sentence John said that Jane helped himself is ungrammatical, it is because the person has tacit knowledge of the grammatical principle that reflexive pronouns must refer to an NP in the same clause. (Eva M. Fernandez and Helen Smith Cairns, Fundamentals of Psycholinguistics. Wiley-Blackwell, 2011) Linguistic Competence and Linguistic Performance In [Noam] Chomskys theory, our linguistic competence is our unconscious knowledge of languages and is similar in some ways to [Ferdinand de] Saussures concept of langue, the organizing principles of a language. What we actually produce as utterances is similar to Saussures parole, and is called linguistic performance. The difference between linguistic competence and linguistic performance can be illustrated by slips of the tongue, such as noble tons of soil for noble sons of toil. Uttering such a slip doesnt mean that we dont know English but rather that weve simply made a mistake because we were tired, distracted, or whatever. Such errors also arent evidence that you are (assuming you are a native speaker) a poor English speaker or that you dont know English as well as someone else does. It means that linguistic performance is different from linguistic competence. When we say that someone is a better speaker than someone else (Martin Luther King, Jr., for example, was a terrific ora tor, much better than you might be), these judgements tell us about performance, not competence. Native speakers of a language, whether they are famous public speakers or not, dont know the language any better than any other speaker in terms of linguistic competence. (Kristin Denham and Anne Lobeck, Linguistics for Everyone. Wadsworth, 2010) Two language users may have the same program for carrying out specific tasks of production and recognition, but differ in their ability to apply it because of exogenous differences (such as short-term memory capacity). The two are accordingly equally language-competent but not necessarily equally adept at making use of their competence. The linguistic competence of a human being should accordingly be identified with that individuals internalized program for production and recognition. While many linguists would identify the study of this program with the study of performance rather than competence, it should be clear that this identification is mistaken since we have deliberately abstracted away from any consideration of what happens when a language user actually attempts to put the program to use. A major goal of the psychology of language is to construct a viable hypothesis as to the structure of this program . . .. (Michael B. Kac, Grammars and Grammaticality. John Benjamins, 1992)

Revenue Management in Restaurants Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Revenue Management in Restaurants - Essay Example By calculating factors such as length-of-stay, accessibility and overbooking, revenue management practices can add to revenue, efficiency and property valuation for hotels by growing length of stay and check supply and demand to influence offered rates (Andersen, P. and Bowe, V. 2000). Nowadays McDonald's operates in the global quick service restaurant manufacturing trade. McDonald's was the lead the way of this trade and it was McDonald's which made the quick service restaurant commerce a worldwide industry by creating a enormous global profitable empire. At present McDonald's ranks 114th in the list of luck 500 companies and thanks to its ground-breaking dispensation and standardized approach to the profitable production of fast food, McDonald's has placed the quick service restaurant business between the big financial driving force industries such as steel and vehicle. According to the expert analysis Raymond Kroc the founder of McDonald's had the dream of a sequence of fast food restaurants in each American State and in the earth as well. No doubt, he wanted his fast food restaurants to serve excellence food according to permanent standards and requirement. When Kroc ongoing business in 1955 there were other well recognized fast food chains in United States, in the middle of the most extensively known were A&W, Dairy Queen, Tastee -Freez, and Big Boy, Burger King then recognized as InstaBurger King was just preliminary out. There were lots of things which alienated McDonald's from its rivals. No doubt, Raymond Kroc's goal was to make world wide fast food chain while the rest of the main fast food chains were not so excited about growth. Other fast food chains which function on a franchise basis viewed their operators as customers and only reaped benefits without providing much leadership relating to operation, endorsement, sales strategy, financi ng and food dispensation. Raymond Kroc comprehensive his hands to operators of permission McDonald's restaurants by extravagance them like do business partners in each respect of the business. These close associations with operators make sure that McDonald's restaurants in any State in the United States would dish up food according to fixed requirement and amount. Furthermore, Raymond Kroc did more than by just give recommendation regarding procedure management him allowable his operators to work out their innovative skills connecting to every feature of the franchise trade. McDonald's had set new principles for the fast food manufacturing by selling a recognized service not just original food recipes and formulas. (Greatest Business Stories of All Times) Revenue Management in Restaurants According to the expert analysis the nature of the restaurant industry, typify by many self-governing minute businesses as well as a few nationwide and international enterprises in a usually competitive environment, makes the application of revenue management, on the whole, additional problematical than in the airline and hotel sectors. Additional, adjusting the excellence of the product, and hence price levels, is much easier than for airlines and hotels. Against that, the vast preponderance of restaurants

Business decision making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Business decision making - Essay Example Within the five year period, the number of elite clients has risen from 453 in 2006 to 1124 in 2010. However, there was a sharp in the number of this category of clients in 2007, with the bank recording only 411 Elite clients (Institute of Business and Management, 2012). Additionally, the report shows that the number of Preferred clients has grown by approximately 30 per cent, rising from 3148 in 2006 to 3809 in 2010 (Institute of Business and Management, 2012). This rise has been steady except for the year 2008, which experienced a sharp fall in this category of clients (3148), as compared to the previous year’s 3551. The same trend has occurred in the amount of deposit, where the maximum deposit for the regular clients was 690,354,000 in 2010 (Institute of Business and Management, 2012). The success of the bank has not been on a regular trend though. There has been a mix between the years of success and the drops in terms of deposits. Rating success and failures in terms of income, the final year 2010 indicated success for all the three classes of clients except for a drop in 2007. The remaining years have shown an indicator to financial growth in income, considering that it has been a continuous trend of progressive increase from 2008 to 2010. Comparing each class for every year, regular clients outnumber the rest of the classes, followed by the preferred class and finally the elite class. Perhaps owing to that, the amount of deposit for the regular clients has been the greatest followed by the preferred class and eventually the elites. 1.2. Data Analysis and Summary The table below shows the analysis of the data for all the clients of the bank DM. It shows the average and the mean for all the five years. However, the function for computing modes did not function because none of the values appeared more than once. Table 1: Data Analysis table for the bank DM for performance from 2006 to 2010 (i). From the analysis, it appears that the regular clients are more on average than all other clients, followed by the preferred clients then the elite clients. The deposit balance for the regular clients is also higher than for the categories of clients, followed by the preferred clients then the elite clients in the third rank. The same result is observed for the service income, where the regular clients lead followed by the preferred and finally the elite clients. From this analysis, the most advisable decision Bank DM executive committee can make is to develop marketing strategies for the other two client categories. The strategies can begin from analyzing customer needs concerning the preferred and the client elite accounts. After the analysis, there are two optional actions that the bank can consider. First, there should be a more structured sales promotions program for increasing the performance level of the less performing accounts. The customer satisfaction level can enable the executive committee to improve the qualities of the ac counts. If the sales promotions do not yield the expected outcomes, the next option is to eliminate the accounts from bank and develop a better account product for the preferred and the elite customers. (ii). The second analysis uses measures of dispersion such as variance and standard deviation of the distributions of the numbers for the three banks for all the five years. The measures of dispersion appear in the table below Account Type Number of Accounts Deposit

Road and bridge construction design Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Road and bridge construction design - Assignment Example Inventions are not magical, but took time to develop once they originated from human beings minds. This governs the quest to defining what engineering is, it is the process through which abstract ideas are turned into systems or products (physical representations). Engineers apply their creativity in the production of systems and products to satisfy human wants and this distinguishes them from sculptors, painters, or poets. This kind of creative act is referred to as a design. Engineering design Majority of engineering designs are listed as systems or invention-devices created by human hard work, or improvements made in already existing systems or devices. Designs or inventions do not just emerge from nowhere, but are a product of bringing technologies together to provide for human necessities. A design can also arise from someone trying to efficiently and quickly accomplish a task. Designing needs a step-by-step procedure and takes place over a period of time (Vanderwarker, 2001). E ngineers are primarily known as problem solvers. A design has a remarkably different nature of both the problem and solution because they are open- ended unlike other problem solving methods. This means that a design has more than one solution of correcting a problem which contains specified properties. In contrast to analysis problems, design problems are vaguely defined. Take an example of where one is asked to calculate the height of wall given the initial velocity of a snowball to be zero. The problem has one answer thus an analysis. Once the problem is changed to designing a device to launch 2-pound snowball to a height of 180 feet, it automatically becomes a design problem. In that it is open-ended and has many possible instruments that can be launched to determine the height of the snowball. An iterative procedure is outlined in solving design problems. This is because the solution to a design problem changes from time to time and continuous refining of the design becomes a n orm. During the implementation of a design problem, too expensive or unsafe solutions are developed. When such is the case the designer goes back to the drawing board until the proper solution is met. An outstanding example is that of the Wright brothers who experimented lots of design before attempting the powered flight. From his illustration, it is evident that design activity is a cyclic process while the analysis problem is sequential. To come up with a good solution to a design problem, it requires a well outlined procedure. This package, therefore, presents a diverse approach of a methodology referred to as the five-step problem-solving method. The mentioned methodology relates with the design process and can be adapted to solving a particular problem (Vanderwarker, 2001). The design process It consists of five crucial steps that must be achieved in designing the process. The process requires iteration and backtracking because design problems are usually vague. The design pro cess is contingent: it requires changes as it develops and the solutions are based on unforeseen complications. The five steps are illustrated below 1. Defining the problem 2. Gathering pertinent information 3. Generating multiple answers/ solutions 4. Analyzing and selecting a solution 5. Testing and implementing the solution Problem definition normally has a listing of the customer requirements and those of the

Analysis of G-Protein Coupled Receptor 12

Analysis of G-Protein Coupled Receptor 12 ABSTRACT: G-Protein Coupled Receptor 12 (GPR12) belongs to the orphan GPCR family which is the same of the GPR3 and GPR6. Homology model for the protein GPR12 was generated from the SWISS-MODEL website which showed an all alpha motif with seven transmembrane ÃŽÂ ± -helix interconnected by loops. GPR12 acts through the cyclic Adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) pathway and promotes neurite outgrowth in primary neurons which can be used to slow down the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. The gene of GPR12 is located in the chromosome 13q12.13 for human, 12p11 for rat and 5; 5 G3 for a mouse with the size of 5.6 kbp, 3.4 kbp, and 4.3 kbp. Four current ongoing clinical trials studies on GPR12 was found on clinicaltrials.gov. G-Protein Coupled Receptor 12 (GPR12) belongs to the orphan GPCR family which is the same of the GPR3 and GPR6 (Ignatov et al., 2003a; Ignatov et al., 2003b). GPR 12 family members are constitutively activated and initiate the cAMP signaling cascades (Ignatov et al., 2003a). It is reported that GPR12 promote neurite extension in primary neurons (Ignatov et al., 2003a). The sequence identity of GPR12 is similar to GPCR S1P5 by 34%, GPR3 by 57% and GPR6 by 58% (Ignatov et al., 2003a; Ignatov et al., 2003b). Hence, it is hypothesized that the orphan receptors might share common ligands and also have similar physiological functions (Uhlenbrock et al., 2002; Tanaka et al., 2007). GPR12 has a high binding affinity towards Sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC) (Uhlenbrock et al., 2002). GPR 12 also binds with Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P)   with low affinity (Uhlenbrock et al., 2002). GPR12 family members are constantly activated and cAMP downstream signaling cascades initiated (Uhlenbro ck et al., 2002; Ignatov et al., 2003a). This persistent activation promotes neurite extension in primary neurons (Tanaka et al., 2007). GPR12 belongs to the orphan GPCR family which is the same of the GPR3 and GPR6 (Ignatov et al., 2003a; Ignatov et al., 2003b). According to Horn et al., GPR12 belongs to the  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   GPCRs, Class A Rhodopsin-like subfamily with all other Orphan GPCR receptors (Horn et al., 2003). 2.1. Structure: A search was conducted for GPR12 in the RCSB protein data bank to identify the protein structure of G-Protein Coupled Receptor 12. There were no matches found in the search which is shown in figure 1.   Hence, a Homology model for the protein was generated from the SWISS-MODEL website, 27.41% sequence identity was indicated for Cannabinoid receptor 1 (Flavodoxin). Flavodoxin, Cannabinoid receptor one was chosen as the template, and a 3D structural model was generated for GPR12 from the template which is shown in the figures 2a and 2b. The GMQE (Global Model Quality Estimation) and Q-Mean value for the generated protein 0.56 and -4.28. The generated protein showed an all alpha motif with seven transmembrane ÃŽÂ ± -helix interconnected by loops forming four extracellular topological domains and four cytoplasmic topological domains. The alignment of protein sequence between Human GPR12 and GPR12 of other species like mouse and rat showed very less variation which indicates the protein is conserved between these species(UniProtKB; UniProtKB; UniProtKB). The protein alignment is shown in figure 3. 2.2. Pathway: According to Horn et al., GPR12 belongs to the  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   GPCRs, Class A Rhodopsin-like subfamily with all other Orphan GPCR receptors (Horn et al., 2003). GPR12 acts through the cyclic Adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) pathway (Tanaka et al., 2007). Since, GPR12 is an orphan receptor where its natural ligand is unknown (Ignatov et al., 2003a). When the ligand such as S1P or SPC binds to the GPR12, the G-Protein gets activated due to the binding of GTP (Ignatov et al., 2003a). Thus, G-Protein activates Adenylate cyclase which converts the Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) into cAMP, and the cAMP activates Protein Kinase A (Ignatov et al., 2003a). The Activated Protein Kinase A activates the cellular reaction such as neurite extension in primary neurons (Ignatov et al., 2003a). [Refer figure 4] 2.3. Gene and Evolutionary aspects of GPR12: The alignment of protein sequence between Human GPR12 and GPR12 of other species like mouse and rat showed very less variation which indicates the protein is conserved between these species (UniProtKB; UniProtKB; UniProtKB). The protein alignment is shown in figure 3. The gene location of GPR12 in the chromosomes locus is nearly the same for human and rat, but it is different in mouse (NCBI-Gene; NCBI-Gene; NCBI-Gene). The gene of GPR12 is located in the chromosome 13q12.13 for human, 12p11 for rat and 5; 5 G3 for mouse (NCBI-Gene; NCBI-Gene; NCBI-Gene). The GPR12 gene contains two exons in humans, three exons in rat and three exons in Mouse separating the intron sequence and the evolutionary association of the gene sequence of GPR12 between the species and between GPCR family is shown in figure 5a and 5b (NCBI-Gene; NCBI-Gene; NCBI-Gene). The GPR12 gene size for a human is 5.6 kbp, for rat it is 3.4 kbp, and for the mouse, it is 4.3 kbp (NCBI-Gene; NCBI-Gene; NCBI-Gene; Stevens et a l., 2013). GPR12 mutant mice showed an effect in their emotionality was affected due to the mutation in GPR12 which was no significant change   (Frank et al., 2012). GPR12 overexpressed in neurons upregulate cAMP levels and promotes neurite outgrowth in primary neurons which can be used to slow down the progression of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimers disease, Parkinsons   disease, Huntingtons disease, etc. (Tanaka et al., 2007). GPR12 is also involved in the regulation of cell survival and cell proliferation which may vary during the diseased condition which causes astrocytes to proliferate at a faster rate and results in inflammation (Lu et al., 2012). A search was done for G-Protein coupled receptor 12 on clinicaltrails.gov website which showed four current ongoing clinical trials studies on GPR12. The studies were different from each other such as Platelet reactivity (ClinicalTrials.gov), Stoke (ClinicalTrials.gov), Metastatic Lung Adenocarcinomas (ClinicalTrials.gov) and Migraine (ClinicalTrials.gov). GPR12 belongs to the  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   GPCRs, Class A Rhodopsin-like subfamily with all other Orphan GPCR receptors. The gene coding for GPR12 is conserved between Humans, Rats, and Mouse which indicates the existence of similar roles and function in these three animals. GPR12 is still in the stages of primary research where its structure, signaling pathways, function, and roles are still waiting to be found. GPR12 has recently assumed to be associated with Neural disorders and diseases. Clinical trials have been successfully conducted for GPR12 for many diseases one of which is depression. References: ClinicalTrials.gov Is There a Transient Rebound Effect of Platelet Reactivity Following Cessation of Dual Antiplatelet Therapy With Ticagrelor a Single Center Prospective Observational Trial. Journal, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02808039?term=G-Protein%2BCoupled%2BReceptor%2B12recr=Openrank=1, January 25, 2017. ClinicalTrials.gov Platelet Reactivity in Acute Non-disabling Cerebrovascular Events (PRINCE). Journal, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02506140?term=G-Protein+Coupled+Receptor+12recr=Openrank=2, January 25, 2017. ClinicalTrials.gov Retrospective Analysis of the Expression of the Neurotensin Receptor by Metastatic Lung Adenocarcinomas (NTS). Journal, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02891733?term=G-Protein%2BCoupled%2BReceptor%2B12recr=Openrank=4, January 25, 2017. ClinicalTrials.gov Ticagrelor Therapy for RefrACTORy Migraine Study (TRACTOR). Journal, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02518464?term=G-Protein%2BCoupled%2BReceptor%2B12recr=Openrank=3, January 25, 2017. Frank, E., Wu, Y., Piyaratna, N., Body, W.J., Snikeris, P., South, T., Gerdin, A.K., Bjursell, M., Bohlooly, Y.M., Storlien, L. Huang, X.F. (2012) Metabolic parameters and emotionality are little affected in G-protein coupled receptor 12 (Gpr12) mutant mice. PLoS One, 7, e42395. Horn, F., Bettler, E., Oliveira, L., Campagne, F., Cohen, F.E. Vriend, G. (2003) GPCRDB information system for G protein-coupled receptors. Nucleic acids research, 31, 294-297. Ignatov, A., Lintzel, J., Hermans-Borgmeyer, I., Kreienkamp, H.-J., Joost, P., Thomsen, S., Methner, A. Schaller, H.C. (2003a) Role of the G-protein-coupled receptor GPR12 as high-affinity receptor for sphingosylphosphorylcholine and its expression and function in brain development. Journal of Neuroscience, 23, 907-914. Ignatov, A., Lintzel, J., Kreienkamp, H.-J. Chica Schaller, H. (2003b) Sphingosine-1-phosphate is a high-affinity ligand for the G protein-coupled receptor GPR6 from mouse and induces intracellular Ca2+ release by activating the sphingosine-kinase pathway. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 311, 329-336. Lu, X., Zhang, N., Meng, B., Dong, S. Hu, Y. (2012) Involvement of GPR12 in the regulation of cell proliferation and survival. Mol Cell Biochem, 366, 101-110. NCBI-Gene Gpr12 G-protein coupled receptor 12 [Mus musculus (house mouse)] Gene NCBI. Journal, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/14738, January/25/2017. NCBI-Gene GPR12 G protein-coupled receptor 12 [Homo sapiens (human)] Gene NCBI. Journal, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2835, January/25/2017. NCBI-Gene Gpr12 G protein-coupled receptor 12 [Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)] Gene NCBI. Journal, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/80840, January/25/2017. Stevens, R.C., Cherezov, V., Katritch, V., Abagyan, R., Kuhn, P., Rosen, H. Wuthrich, K. (2013) The GPCR Network: a large-scale collaboration to determine human GPCR structure and function. Nat Rev Drug Discov, 12, 25-34. Tanaka, S., Ishii, K., Kasai, K., Yoon, S.O. Saeki, Y. (2007) Neural expression of G protein-coupled receptors GPR3, GPR6, and GPR12 up-regulates cyclic AMP levels and promotes neurite outgrowth. J Biol Chem, 282, 10506-10515. Uhlenbrock, K., Gassenhuber, H. Kostenis, E. (2002) Sphingosine 1-phosphate is a ligand of the human gpr3, gpr6 and gpr12 family of constitutively active G protein-coupled receptors. Cellular signalling, 14, 941-953. UniProtKB GPR12 G-protein coupled receptor 12 Homo sapiens (Human) GPR12 gene protein. Journal, http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P47775, January 25, 2017. UniProtKB Gpr12 G-protein coupled receptor 12 Mus musculus (Mouse) Gpr12 gene protein. Journal, http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P35412, January 25, 2017. UniProtKB Gpr12 G-protein coupled receptor 12 Rattus norvegicus (Rat) Gpr12 gene protein. Journal, http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P30951, January 25, 2017. Figure 1: No structure was found for the protein GPR12 in RCSB Protein data bank. Figure 2a: Side view of the GPR12 structure which was generated by SWISS-MODEL. The protein is showing an all alpha motif with seven transmembrane ÃŽÂ ± -helix interconnected by loops forming four extracellular topological domains and four cytoplasmic topological domains. Figure 2b: Top view of the GPR12 structure which was generated by SWISS-MODEL. The protein is showing an all alpha motif with seven transmembrane ÃŽÂ ± -helix interconnected by loops forming four extracellular topological domains and four cytoplasmic topological domains. Figure 3: GPR12 protein alignment for the species Human, mouse and rat generated from ClustalW. * (asterisk) indicates positions which have a single, fully conserved residue, : (colon) indicates conservation between groups of strongly similar residue properties, . (period) indicates conservation between groups of weakly similar residue properties. Figure 4: GPR12 proteins complete intracellular signaling pathway Figure 5a: Phylogenetic/evolutionary tree of GPCR family members (Stevens et al., 2013) Figure 5b: Phylogenetic/evolutionary tree of GPR12 showing evolutionary difference between human, rat, and mouse   Ã‚   G-Protein Coupled Receptor (GPR12) Protein Agonist Antagonist Sphingosine-1-phosphate Suramin Sphingosyl-phosphocholine Table 1: GPR12 agonist and antagonist with structure and name

Managing the Transition from Maturity to Decline: Diamond Power Corporation :: essays research papers

Managing the Transition from Maturity to Decline: Diamond Power Corporation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This case study, prepared by Richard C. Scameborn, follows the Diamond Power Specialty Company from its humble beginnings in 1903 to its decline in 1991. The birth of Diamond came with the invention of the hand cranked soot blower. As the years and technology progressed, so did the Diamond soot blower. Along with this main product, Diamond also added several other products to its line, but none had the profitability of the soot blower. Diamond had the market to itself for a number of years, but eventually two competitors sprang up to challenge Diamond: Copes-Vulcan and Bayer Company. Competition did not become fierce until World War II, when the soot blower became a major commodity used by the U.S. Navy to clean boilers on board its ships. At this point, the soot blower industry became a seller's market and the need for strategy (both corporate and business) became a necessity for growth and survival.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Diamond Power's main mission at its beginning, to produce soot blowers that would efficiently clean the inside of boiler as it continued working, basically stayed the same up until the addition of competition into the market. At this point, Diamond had to revise its mission to include technological advances to stay ahead of it main competitor, Copes-Vulcan. With the passage of time, production efficiency and technology were not enough. Diamond eventually had to add foreign sales, customer service, and replacement part production to its original plan to keep ahead of the game. By the 1970's, the mission to supply replacement parts and service became one of Diamond's top priorities as it opened parts and service plants in New Jersey, Georgia, Ohio, Texan, Colorado, North Dakota, California, and Washington.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Diamond Power's goals over the years seem to stay pretty congruent with its mission up until the early 1980's. Basically, Diamond's goals included staying on the moderate levels of technology, building a foreign market by exporting machines and parts and establishing joint-venture manufacturing companies overseas, establishing an extensive and profitable domestic aftermarket support system that included minifactories that supplied both parts and service, and to keep the upper hand on the soot blower market share. Diamond Power's parent corporation, McDermott, Inc, utilized several different corporate strategies to try to achieve Diamond's goal of a profitable and extensive aftermarket support system. However, some of the decisions made by McDermott, Inc in regards to its replacement part division caused more harm than good. For example, when a small operator began to copy and sell Diamond replacement parts at a lower cost than Diamond with great success, McDermott

A Case Study of Hong Kong’s Financial Crisis

The Asian Financial Crisis was a result of massive speculative attacks in the foreign exchange market on local currencies, specifically on East Asian currencies. The problem started with the devaluation of the Thai baht in 1997 which then spread to speculative attacks on other Asian currencies. This resulted in economic crises in Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, Korea, Singapore, China, and Hong Kong. (Kawai, 1998)The reasons for the spread of economic decline in the countries were easily traced and the resulting effects were similar although varying in the degree of intensity. A clear difference between Hong Kong and the other Asian countries affected by the 1997-1998 economic crisis, however, was in the way that Hong Kong handled the threat to its economy.Compared to the other Asian countries, Hong Kong was able to maintain its peg when the financial crisis first broke out. This was, however, maintained at a great cost. Monetary authorities of the country spent approximately US$ 1 billion in order to defend the currency. Although other countries also undertook mass efforts to defend their currencies, Hong Kong was the only one to be able to maintain its peg. This, however, was only short-term.The economic attack continued and Hong Kong found itself needing to increase its inflation rates. Other countries such as the Philippines resorted to this strategy as well in order. What made Hong Kong different in its strategy, however, was the government’s role reversal from being a passive regulator to an active market participant.The government ended up using approximately US$15 billion in buying shares, blue-chip shares, in various companies. This active intervention insured the relative stability of the Hong Kong market as compared to the other Asian markets during that time.2) Hedge funds, by their very nature, utilize opportunistic trading strategies on a leveraged basis. For a market with a limited liquidity, such as that of Hong Kong’s, a small g amble on the part of a large hedge fund could result in a large transaction that could have large-scale effects on the said market.For Hong Kong’s economy, there have been numerous instances wherein hedge funds have tried to exploit the local market. This is not to say, however, that Hong Kong has not put up a valiant effort to protect and maintain the stability of its vulnerable market – owing to its small size and low liquidity status.According to Kara Tan Bhala (1998), the mechanism employed by hedge funds to try and make money out of Hong Kong involves two steps. Initially, Hong Kong equities and stock-index futures are sold short by speculators.Next, the speculators resort to short-selling the Hong Kong dollar. Short-selling the dollar will force the Hong Kong Monetary Association to try to maintain the peg of the Hong Kong dollar to the US dollar. This would mean resorting to an increase in interest rates and to buying the local currency.Share prices on the stock market thus decrease in value. In these instances, it is clear that all that hedge funds aim to do are to gain profit for themselves rather than to contribute to the greater scheme of advancing Hong Kong’s economy. They gain profit first from the short selling of the equities and stock-index futures.They gain the difference from the higher priced short-selling of the instruments and the resulting lower cover prices. Hedge funds gain profit secondly from a probable depreciation in the Hong Kong dollar. Again, the difference between the short and cover prices. (Bhala, 1998)Although not all hedge funds are to be frowned upon, as the presence of hedge funds is not an absolute evil on the market, these instances serve as a warning to the fact that there are markets that can be put under great threat as a result of the presence of hedge funds.ReferencesKawai, M. (1998). The East Asian currency crisis: causes and lessons. Contemporary Economy Policy, 16, 157-172Bhala, K. T. (1998). In Praise of Intervention. Far Eastern Economic Review, 9

Relationship Dynamics in The Perks of Being a Wallflower Essay Essays

Relationship Dynamics in The Perks of Being a Wallflower Essay Essays Relationship Dynamics in The Perks of Being a Wallflower Essay Paper Relationship Dynamics in The Perks of Being a Wallflower Essay Paper Essay Topic: The Perks Of Being a Wallflower â€Å"My life is an afterschool particular. † These words. spoken by the character. Patrick. sum up the kineticss of the relationships portrayed in the film. The Perks of Bing a Wallflower. The film is a coming-of-age narrative about Charlie. a male child without any friends. as he enters his first twelvemonth of high school. While the film is geared toward immature grownups. the message portrayed about relationships touches everyone: We accept the love we think we deserve. In the film. Charlie has a crush on a fun-loving. party-girl. senior. Sam. who is already dating an older male child in college. Though they become close friends and portion intimate experiences and feelings with each other. Charlie neer asks Sam out. The film upholds traditional high school relationship stereotypes from the Sadie Hawkins dance to prom photo shoots but it besides illuminates the singularity of every close confidant relationship. It is best described by Charlie when he says. â€Å"I know someday our images will go old exposure. † like how a minute captured on camera can be seen but neer experienced the same manner once more. Through the kineticss of Sam and Charlie’s relationship. I will demo how The Perks of Bing a Wallflower depicts a echt. true love narrative that represents cosmopolitan elements everyone experiences in close relationships. Before his first twenty-four hours of high school. Charlie writes. â€Å"I am both happy and sad and I’m still seeking to calculate out how that can be. † He begins his first twenty-four hours entirely. eating by himself in the cafeteria. neer raising his manus in category. and maintaining his caput ducked down in the hallways. One dark he decides to travel to a high school football game. where he foremost meets Sam and her half-brother. Patrick. Together. they watch their school football squad win the game and Sam and Patrick invite Charlie to the diner with them afterwards where they talk about their favourite music and what they want to be when they grow up. This act of sharing positive experiences together that benefits the patterned advance of a relationship is called capitalisation( Reiss. Carmichael. Caprariello. Tsai. Rodriguez A ; Maniaci. 2010 ) . Sam and Patrick portion the experience of Charlie’s first party. his first school dance. and even the first clip he gets high. The most theatrical illustration of capitalisation in the film is when the three friends are driving place and the vocal. â€Å"Heroes† by David Bowie comes on the wireless and Sam demands that Patrick drive through the Fort Pitt Tunnel so she can stand in the dorsum of the pickup truck while blaring the vocal over the wireless. Charlie is so afflicted by the feeling of belonging that he looks at Patrick and says. â€Å"I feel infinite. † Sam and Charlie become closer when they offer each other the comfort of cognizing that they are non entirely. Their relationship grows even deeper when they learn that they can portion their experiences and feelings with each other without being rejected. This happens the first clip at Charlie’s foremost high school party. Charlie. while he is stoned. confesses to Sam that his lone friend. Michael. shooting himself last spring. Sam portions what Charlie told her with Patrick and they subsequently toast Charlie at the party in order to welcome him as their new friend in forepart of everyone. Charlie looks as if he is about to shout because for the first clip. he feels like he belongs someplace. As their familiarity progresses. Charlie demonstrates his fondnesss for Sam by giving her gifts and offering shows of fondness known as care behaviours in relationships ( Stafford. 2003 ) . For illustration. he makes her a assorted tape themed after the dark that they drove through the tunnel together even though he couldn’t happen the particular vocal that made them experience â€Å"infinite. † Charlie besides offers to assist Sam survey for the following Saturday after he sees how defeated she is when she receives her tonss. Charlie’s self-disclosure and attempts to expose fondness encourages Sam to portion the more private parts of her life without fearing she will be rejected by him. Sam’s minute of self-disclosure is after the Christmas party. when she invites Charlie up to her room for the first clip to give him a thank-you nowadays for assisting her survey for the SATs. On her desk is an old typewriter with a bow for Charlie. because she knows that Charlie wants to be a author someday. When Charlie sees the gift on her desk. he says withincredulity. â€Å"You got me a present? † The freshness of felicity off of Charlie’s face demonstrates the physiological reaction of showing gratitude in relationships. Acts of gratitude are known to significantly increase relationship satisfaction ( Demoss. 2004 ) . Not merely does Sam expose gratitude towards Charlie. but she lets him into her room. her private infinite where none of the other party invitees had been invited to travel. In a minute of intimacy. after Charlie confesses he’s neer kissed a miss. Sam portions with Charlie that her first buss was when her dad’s foreman molested her at the age of 10. Charlie responds with proof. stating her that the same thing happened to his aunt Helen and that she turned her life about. When Sam remarks that his aunt must hold been a great adult female. Charlie responds. â€Å"She was my favourite individual in the universe. until now. † Sam. overwhelmed with cryings. Tells Charlie that she knows that he knows she has a fellow. but she wants to do certain that the first individual that kisses him. loves him. Charlie nods. and Sam tilts in and kisses him. For the first clip she says. â€Å"I love you. Charlie. † And he responds. â€Å"I love you excessively. † Charlie and Sam do non go a twosome. but they continue to learn each other that they are meriting of echt love. The greater the impact close relationships have on one’s self-image. the greater satisfaction one will have from the relationship ( Mattingly. Oswald. Clark. 2011 ) . Sam and Charlie do this by perpetuating a positive self-image of each other. increasing the felicity they receive from disbursement clip together. Sam does this for Charlie by admiting that he is non brainsick and that he is person deserving being friends with. Charlie does this for Sam by promoting her to use to colleges and offering the emotional support that he believes in her. Sam and Charlie have a echt concern for each other’s good being. These compassionate. supportive ends are another illustration of how antiphonal they are to each others’ needs ( Conovello A ; Crocker. 2011 ) . Charlie doesn’t merely give Sam his most darling gift because he thinks she’s reasonably and wants her to wish him. He gives her the Beatles record his asleep aunt Helenleft him because he genuinely cares about her. and he wants her to be happy. It is for the same ground Sam gives Charlie his first buss. They have ends to run into the demands of each other. However. like all persons and relationships. Sam and Charlie are non perfect. Despite the echt love and fondness Charlie offers her. Sam continues to day of the month her fellow who is rip offing on her. and Charlie continues to day of the month Sam’s friend. Mary Elizabeth. even though he doesn’t have romantic feelings for her. After Sam eventually dumps her fellow and Charlie is no longer dating Mary Elizabeth. Sam confronts Charlie and asks him why he had neer asked her out. Charlie responds that he didn’t believe she wanted him to and that he merely wanted her to be happy. Sam answers. â€Å"You can’t merely put everyone’s lives in front of yours and think that counts as love†¦I don’t want to be someone’s crush. I want people to wish the existent me. † Charlie restlessnesss nervously and after a long intermission he tells Sam. â€Å"I know who you are. † and he tells her that she’s beautiful and he kisses her. This minute suggests that the impact their relationship had on their self-pride. brought them both to a point where they could accept the love that the other idea they deserved. Despite all the attempts Sam and Charlie made towards the familiarity of their relationship. the film does non stop merrily of all time after. The following twenty-four hours Sam leaves for college. and the intimate sexual experience between Charlie and Sam triggered Charlie to hold flashbacks of his aunt Helen molesting him as a kid and he is hospitalized in a psychiatric ward. Charlie is left entirely inquiring how it is possible to be happy and sad at the same clip and how person he loved and idolized like his aunt Helen could hold done something that hurt him so severely. The Perks of Bing a Wallflower is a love narrative that is told the manner Sam described stone love ballads to Charlie: both kitschy and brilliant. The narrative uses the general scene of stereotyped high school play to portray the human experience of close relationships. Charlie experiences the euphory of first love and besides the hurting of lay waste toing grief. And merely like old exposure. whether the scene was a high school dance or asocietal at a retirement place. the relationships in this film are relatable to anyone who views them. while besides bing as independent alone experiences that will neer be lived the same manner twice. Even though the film doesn’t terminal with Charlie and Sam as a happy twosome. it still ends with an uplifting scene reuniting Charlie. Sam. and her brother. Patrick. Charlie is standing in the dorsum of Sam’s pickup truck while they drive through the Fort Pitt Tunnel and his voice narrates. â€Å"I know these will wholly be narratives someday and our images will go old exposure. but right now. this is go oning. † He acknowledges that the experience of human relationships is something that everyone will see and that all of the minutes shared will go memories. but Charlie shows that the energy that comes from love lives in the minute where you feel like you are the lone 1 who has of all time experienced it before. â€Å"That one moment†¦when you’re listening to that vocal on that thrust with the people you love most in this world†¦I swear. we are infinite. † MentionsCanvello. A. . A ; Crocker. J. ( 2011 ) . Interpersonal ends. others’ respect for the ego. and self-esteem: The self-contradictory effects of self-image and compassionate ends. European Journal of Social Psychology. 41. 422-434. Demoss. Y. ( 2004 ) . 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