Business model for taskrabbit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business model for taskrabbit - Essay Example de lawn mowers, carpet cleaners, baby sitters, nannies, window cleaners, and people to help unpack, fetch groceries, and pick you from the airport among many others. TaskRabbit is a perfect example of an e-commerce business. Its function in the society, as insisted by its founder is to help save time for people, get errands done and create cheap labor (Leber, 2013). A business model refers to activities planned and designed by a business in order to maximize on their profits. It includes how the business functions and its components, the revenues and the expenses (Currie, 2004). An ecommerce business model allows business people to utilize the unique and special qualities of the web. Some of these special qualities include real time, time sharing, traffic and value flows, universal access, the ease of use of the web and searching capabilities. These unique qualities are what drive many people to adopt the use of the internet and the web in their business. Castellano, (2013) confirms that there are many different business models, and each business selects the one that best befits. The e-commerce business models are categorized into B2B, B2C or C2C. Each of these three business models has its own unique characteristics, and this is the reason why one model might work for one company and not for the other. For the TaskRabbit Company, it employs B2 C model. B2C means that the business models here are customer oriented, and they deal with the customer either directly or indirectly. Their products and services are made having customer satisfaction in mind. B2B means that it’s a business and another business who are involved in the transactions. C2C simply means that its two customers who are the main agents in the transactions (Currie, 2004). The TaskRabbit Company, in the B2C business model operates as transaction and market provider level. This is because it handles and takes care of customers online transactions by creating and helping fix people in job

Computer Literacy Essay Example for Free

Computer Literacy Essay Thou shall not vandalize Web pages. Thou shall not shut down Web sites. Thou shall not covet thy neighbor’s MP3s. FBI agents are spreading a new gospel to parents and teachers, hoping they’ll better educate youths that vandalism in cyberspace can be economically costly and just as criminal as mailbox bashing and graffiti spraying. The Justice Department and the Information Technology Association of America, a trade group, has launched the Cybercitizen Partnership to encourage educators and parents to talk to children in ways that equate computer crimes with old-fashioned wrongdoing. The nascent effort includes a series of seminars around the country for teachers, classroom materials and guides and a Web site to help parents talk to children. â€Å"In a democracy in general, we can’t have the police everywhere,† said Michael Vatis, director of the FBI’s National Infrastructure Protection Center, which guards against computer attacks by terrorists, foreign agents and teen hackers. â€Å"One of the most important ways of reducing crime is trying to teach ethics and morality to our kids. That same principle needs to apply to the cyber world,† he said. Recognizing Virtual Crime Vatis and other FBI agents attended a kickoff seminar, titled the National Conference on Cyber Ethics, last weekend at Marymount University in Arlington, Va. Part of the challenge: Many teens still consider computer mischief harmless. A recent survey found that 48 percent of students in elementary and middle school don’t consider hacking illegal. Gail Chmura, a computer science teacher at Oakton High School in Vienna, Va., makes ethics a constant in her curriculum, teaching kids about topics such as computer law, software piracy and online cheating. She has argued with students who don’t see that stealing from a computer with bad security is as wrong as  stealing from an unlocked house. â€Å"It’s always interesting that they don’t see a connection between the two,† Chmura said. â€Å"They just don’t get it.† The FBI’s Vatis tells students, â€Å"Do you think it would be OK to go spray-paint your neighbor’s house or the grocery store down the street? On a Web site, it’s the same sort of thing. It’s somebody’s storefront or an extension of themselves.† Chmura tries similar messages. For instance, she asks a budding composer how he would feel if his music was stolen and given away online. â€Å"They do sometimes realize that when they’re copying someone’s product, it’s not just that 5 cent disk, but someone’s work that they’re copying,† she said. â€Å"I think they do come to appreciate the fact that it’s somebody’s salary they’re stealing.† Driving Home Consequences Vatis cites a long list of cyber crimes perpetrated by minors, including attacks on defense department computers in 1998 and the February jamming of major Web sites such as Amazon.com and eBay. He tries to drive home the consequences of hacking — including the resources it drains from his center, as law enforcement scrambles to find who is responsible at the outset of an attack. Authorities â€Å"don’t know if it’s a terrorist or a foreign military,† Vatis said. â€Å"It diverts very scarce resources of people who are trying to focus on crime, warfare and terrorism.† And children aren’t the only ones in need of training. College students and parents also are frequently undecided about what crosses an ethical boundary in cyberspace, where anyone can download pirated musical recordings. â€Å"We had some discussion about the legalities of whether you’re sharing something with your friend or burning CDs to sell at your school,† said Deborah Price of Lewisville, N.C., parent of a 14-year-old daughter. â€Å"I’m not real certain about Napster ethics myself.† Price — whose daughter uses Napster, the music-sharing service considered a threat to the recording industry — feels that computer ethics are an important issue. â€Å"I think it should be part of the discussion at the school,† Price said. â€Å"It’s only going to get bigger.† References: ABC News W A S H I N G T O N, Oct. 10 FBI Pushes for Cyber Ethics Education By D. Ian Hopper http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/story?id=119369

Inequalities and Interdependence :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Inequalities and Interdependence According to my small nephew, milk does not come from cows, it comes from stores. He's never seen a cow being milked, but he has been to the store with his mother to buy milk, so in his world, milk comes from stores. Purchasing is a major activity in our daily lives. In fact, if there were to be a national crisis of some sort that would prevent us from being able to purchase the barest of daily necessities such as milk, bread, cereal, toothpaste, deodorant, toilet paper, or soap, it would be a very unsettling experience. In fact, as Dr. Nassar is so fond of saying, "I know almost everyone in here is too young to remember"...everyone except me. I do remember a time in 1974 when within four hours of the onset of a national trucking strike, the shelves in the stores were empty. Not just slim pickin's...but empty. We take a lot for granted in this country. We're very lucky that we have been able to do so. As students, we are not producers of goods, we are consumers. We live in state of economic dependence on the goods of the entire world. So, what is interdependence? Interdependence means that two or more parties rely on what they can do for each other to succeed. Mutual contribution is necessary for the well-being of the parties involved. As a nation-state, the economy of the United States of America is interdependent on other nation-states for its well-being. Because of the relative isolation of this continent, the U.S. was able to remain free of foreign intervention and develop a strong national identity for nearly 150 years. We were free to develop a strong sense of nationalism: an inclination toward self-reliance and rugged individualism in which we took fierce pride. It was sort of the John Wayne approach to national and international relations. We were able to amass great wealth from our natural resources of gold, silver, furs, timber, steel, cotton, coal, and oil, to name a few. The entrepreneurial experiments of individuals were allowed to develop unhindered. Personal industry and imagination eventually developed major industries of steel, intercontinental railroads, textiles, and shipping. Innovation led to the development of the internal combustion engine and its subsequent uses in industry. Agriculture became an industry, and with the aid of intercontinental railroads and shipping, contributed to the general economy and personal wealth of many. Inequalities and Interdependence :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays Inequalities and Interdependence According to my small nephew, milk does not come from cows, it comes from stores. He's never seen a cow being milked, but he has been to the store with his mother to buy milk, so in his world, milk comes from stores. Purchasing is a major activity in our daily lives. In fact, if there were to be a national crisis of some sort that would prevent us from being able to purchase the barest of daily necessities such as milk, bread, cereal, toothpaste, deodorant, toilet paper, or soap, it would be a very unsettling experience. In fact, as Dr. Nassar is so fond of saying, "I know almost everyone in here is too young to remember"...everyone except me. I do remember a time in 1974 when within four hours of the onset of a national trucking strike, the shelves in the stores were empty. Not just slim pickin's...but empty. We take a lot for granted in this country. We're very lucky that we have been able to do so. As students, we are not producers of goods, we are consumers. We live in state of economic dependence on the goods of the entire world. So, what is interdependence? Interdependence means that two or more parties rely on what they can do for each other to succeed. Mutual contribution is necessary for the well-being of the parties involved. As a nation-state, the economy of the United States of America is interdependent on other nation-states for its well-being. Because of the relative isolation of this continent, the U.S. was able to remain free of foreign intervention and develop a strong national identity for nearly 150 years. We were free to develop a strong sense of nationalism: an inclination toward self-reliance and rugged individualism in which we took fierce pride. It was sort of the John Wayne approach to national and international relations. We were able to amass great wealth from our natural resources of gold, silver, furs, timber, steel, cotton, coal, and oil, to name a few. The entrepreneurial experiments of individuals were allowed to develop unhindered. Personal industry and imagination eventually developed major industries of steel, intercontinental railroads, textiles, and shipping. Innovation led to the development of the internal combustion engine and its subsequent uses in industry. Agriculture became an industry, and with the aid of intercontinental railroads and shipping, contributed to the general economy and personal wealth of many.

All My Sons by Arthur Miller

Larry’s letter is instrumental in forcing Keller to realise his fault. Discuss (20M) All My Sons a play by Arthur Miller was staged at the coronet theatre in January 1947 and ran for 328 performances. The play was well constructed and realistic in nature, and it was extremely popular among the audiences. All My Sons started in the middle of things and spends most of the play uncovering the facts of the past so that the audience can see the last act consequences in the present.The play actually deals with the fate of Joe Keller, an uneducated self-made man who has committed an atrocious act during World War II. The play ends with the suicide of the Joe Keller who repents after being exposed with the content of his son Larry’s letter. As mentioned earlier, Joe Keller is an uneducated self-made man who has committed an atrocious act during World War II. Keller has as partner Steve Deever and their factory manufactures cylinder heads for aircrafts. During the war, they rece ive a contract from the army to supply cylinder heads on an urgent basis.However the cylinder heads had hairline cracks in them and Keller is immediately informed by Deever. But Keller asked Deever to get the cylinder heads welded and that he would take full responsibility of the damaged products. Unfortunately those damaged cylinder heads cause twenty-one planes to crash killing their pilots. However at the trial Keller denies responsibility and is exonerated, and the blame shifts to Steve Deever who is imprisoned. Following that Joe Keller lives in total impunity with his family.However when he is confronted with the content of his son Larry’s letter, he is forced to realise his fault. In fact Larry’s letter was intended to his fiancee Ann, in which he reveals that he was shamed by his father’s involvement in fraud and profiteering. Consequently he committed suicide by allowing his plane to crash. However the content of the letter was kept secret by Ann becaus e of her selfish motive to get married to Chris who is Larry’s brother. Moreover she did not want to break the harmony of the home of her would be in laws.But finally the content of the letter is revealed to Kate Keller by Ann because the former is still refusing the union of Ann and Chris. Consequently Ann uses the letter as her trump card to save her future union with Chris and the letter forces Kate to accept to accept Larry’s death and her husband’s crime of killing twenty one pilots. Moreover Chris is also made aware of the content of the letter and is unwilling to forgive his father. Consequently Joe Keller is confronted by Chris and based on the content of Larry’s letter, Joe keller is compelled to reveal the truth of the case to Chris.Joe Keller tries to justify his acts by arguing that he had worked in the interest of his family. But Chris being an idealist condemns the act of his father. Finally Joe Keller realises his fault and understands the disastrous implications of his actions. In order to escape from guilt and repay for his crime, he commits suicide. To conclude, it can be said that the Larry’s letter is indeed of prime importance in making Joe Keller realise his fault, but who unfortunately has a tragic end.

Infection control Essay

In this research essay the essayist will discuss the principles of evidence- based nursing research and its importance in healthcare. Therefore a brief introduction in infection and infection prevention and control will also be made followed by the main focus of this research essay which will be hand hygiene by making use of five research terms, which are qualitative, quantitative, ethical consolidation, data collection and sample. In addition to this, the issue of the most common Healthcare – Associated Infections (HAIs) acquired in hospitals will also be explored and by referring to relevant research the essayist will investigate why then HAI still a major problem in the UK healthcare settings, as a number of studies and reports suggests that adequate hand hygiene practice is the key to reduce infection across the field of care (British Medical Journal, 2005; Lancet, 2007). The method used to collect the primary source of information was gathered through the use of the University library digital search, Cinahl Plus (a comprehensive source of evidence-based full-text for nursing & allied health journals, which provide concise overviews of diseases and conditions and outline the most effective treatment options based on peer-reviewed medical research. Cinahl plus is available via EBSCO host), medical journal articles, books, publications and Department of Health (DH) database, and clinical guidelines if they indicate hand hygiene as a key to control and prevent HAI. A number of keywords were used, including quantitative, qualitative and research within the title ‘infection control’, ‘hand hygiene’ and ‘HAI’ so only records containing all the keywords were saved. The resulting list of articles was then reduced to English language, adult population, and systematic reviews published between 2000 to present. Of the 26 randomized controlled trials (RCT), twelve were discarded, as some were not relevant and some were unavailable. Furthermore the remaining ten literature review was divided into subtopics: hand washing technique and decontamination, alcohol-based hand rub, MRSA, and patient infection prevention information. Evidence- based nursing practice is the term used to describe the process the nurses use to make clinical decisions and answer clinical questions based on scientifically proved evidence rather than on  assumption, intuition or tradition (Bishop and Freshwater, 2003) In order for nurses to make the correct decision, they have to be based in four approaches which include; reviewing the best available evidence from peer-reviewed researches; using their clinical expertise; determining the values and cultural needs of the individual, and determining the preferences of the individual, family and community. Therefore such could only be achieved if the nurse’s know how to access the latest research and correctly interpret and apply the findings to their clinical practice (STTI, 2005). Fact that is also supported by the Nursing & Midwifery Council (NMC), 2008, which states ‘nurses must deliver care based on the best available evidence or best practice’. The fear of infection has been and will always be present in the human minds, rightly so as infections are the most common causes of death worldwide. From time to time we hear of methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), C- Difficile, Norovirus, and any other organisms causing infection and threatening the health of the population (Ryan et al. 2001). Although in the developed countries the cardiovascular diseases and cancer are now the major causes, it is always an infection that tips morbidity into mortality (Meers, McPerson & Sedgwick, 2007). Infection prevention and control policies are a contentious issue in the healthcare settings. According to NICE (2012) new clinical guideline, everyone in involved in providing care must comply with the standard principles and regulations in infection control. Standard precautions should be applied at all times by the healthcare workers when caring for patients. Such can be accomplished by practising simple skills including; good hygiene in clinical environment, appropriate decontamination of hands and equipment, correct use of personal protective equipment, correct use and disposal of sharps, aseptic technique and waste disposal (DH, 2007, Pratt et al. 2007). The purpose of this is to reduce the risk of infectious diseases to staff, patients and others where care is delivered. Additionally, is the healthcare professional duty and responsibility to provide and deliver safe care to patients (NMC, 2008). According to World Health Organization (WHO) 2005, there are around 5000 death in healthcare setting due to HAI though the actual number of infections developed in the community is unknown (NHS QIS, 2005). Moreover,  with many HAIs manifesting post-hospital discharge (National Audit Office (NAO), 2000), the prevalence of HAI in the UK is likely to be greater than that reported in current official statistics, although 15-30% of these can be prevented with good infection control practices such as adequate hand hygiene practice (Damani 2003). Wilson (2006) states that hand washing are a simple procedure and the rates of procedure should be high. However the evidence points to the contrary as it written in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) report, suggesting that healthcare professional’s compliance to hand hygiene standards averages at 40% (CDC, 2002). Furthermore, Rumbau et al (2001) suggests that poor hand hygiene practice is the major area in contention in healthcare settings and healthcare professionals fail to comply with appropriate hand hygiene technique due to workload, understaff, and skin conditions, i.e. dermatitis (WHO,2009). Subsequently, the heavy workload may have a negative impact on compliance (O’Boyle et al, 2001, Pittet et al 1999), resulting in infecting patients with avoidable HAIs such as staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia (MRSA) and Clostridium difficile infection (C-difficile), among others types of infection (DH, 2003). Eventually, the distress and suffering it causes to the patient who acquires the above mentioned infection whilst in hospital, leads to loss of confidence and credibility and reputation of healthcare professionals and the NHS Trusts. As a result, it brings an increase to the costs of the already under funded hospitals from increased stays, increased medical expenses and damage to the patients and their relatives who may decide taking lawsuit demands (WHO report, 2006). NAO (2000) states that the cost of HAIs is approximately  £ 1 billion per year, also around 9% of patients in hospitals in England at one time have an HAI. The Journal of Hospital Infection (JHI), (2008) own researchers A. Mears et al, carried out a quantitative and qualitative research study following the death of 180 patients infected with stomach infection in one of the worst outbreaks ever seen in the NHS Trust. The outbreak was blamed on poor measures, to manage, control and prevent infection, despite the Trust having high rates of HAI over several years (JHI, 2009). The study was aimed to investigate the potential factors linked to HAIs rates in acute NHS hospitals and which interventions may be effective to tackle this issue. The mixed methodological research terms used in the research was purposely  chosen as it has been proved that integrate both research terms (qualitative and quantitative) in a study are essential to answer different sort of questions, collect different types of data and produce different type of answer (Burnang and Hannigan, 2000, Bourgeois, 2002). In addition, multiple data sources are useful in researches or studies as they are part of within method triangulation to make the study more trustworthy and credible, also to enhance its depth by meeting different needs at different stages of a project, as well as compensates for shortcomings in any one method (Bourgeois, 2002; Kelly and Long, 2005), as it has been proved by the findings. Qualitative method is an organized, descriptive, systematic, and intensive process to collect data by using computer software programs i.e.ATLAS.ti, to efficiently examine, analyse, and organise data, also to synthesize large volumes of data (Rebar et al, 2011). This method focuses on individual perceptions and how these are described, as well as recognise that the way people behave is determined by many factors including; what is expected of them, how they interpret the behaviour of other people, and how they feel about what is happening (Rebar, Gersch, Macnee & McCabe, 2011). It is essential that the research is carried out with an open mind, as preconceptions could distort the interpretation of what is going on (Rapport, 2008). . Quantitative The method used for data collection in the study was semi-structure interview and a self- completion questionnaire with textual analysis of response to open questions, sent to 900 NHS Trust nurses. Interviews and questionnaires are the most common methods used for data collection. A questionnaire is an instrument used to collect specific written data in order to specifically target objective factors or interest (Rebar et al, 2011). Whereas interviews are better for collecting sensitive personal information as the interviewer can establish a rapport with the subject (Crombie and Davies, 2002). Out of 900 nurses interviewed 700 acknowledged that inadequate hand washing by healthcare staff was the major cause of HAI. When questioned why healthcare professionals fail to comply with appropriate hand hygiene technique, more than 70% answered that lack of time, workload and high activity levels was  the reason, and 66% answered low staff level and insufficient and inconveniently located s inks makes it difficult to comply. These findings are supported by evidence from infection control literature. However, it is clearly specified in the literature that the consequences of high activity levels experience among healthcare workers can have a negative impact on compliance (DH 2003, McCall & Tankersley, 2007). Besides The self- completion questionnaires were returned with 100% response rate. The results demonstrated that more than 95% of nurses assume that the inclusion of infection prevention and control in the staff (including medical students) training programmes may address the causes of the outbreak, therefore help to promote good infection prevention and control in the NHS Trusts hospital. Wilson (2006) argues in his literature that effective interventions in the management of HAIs, would involve a behaviour change on its own, feedback on behaviour, ownership of the problem and personal growth from healthcare staff. As such training alone would not be enough. The research terms and choice of methods used by the researcher were appropriate as it provided the reader with a detailed understanding of the issues discussed in the study also can be used as a basis for future work. The Health Protection Agency (2006) reports that MRSA tops the list of HAI acquired in the NHS hospitals by 40% and in average 4000 patients develop this condition every year. The situation is so serious that the credibility and subsistence of NHS as an institution may be in jeopardy (Cooper et al, 2004, Marshall et al, 2004& Voss, 2004). In the UK the levels of MRSA in hospital has staggering arisen from 2% in 1990 to 42% in 2000, generating a major public health problem and a source of public and political concern (Hawker, et al., 2005). Such rise has been attributed to the appearance of new strains with epidemic potential, hospital patients who are vulnerable to infections and failure to sustain good hospital hygiene, including hand hygiene. Several studies of health professionals in hospitals fault the spread of antibiotic resistant infections to poor hand hygiene and decontamination among healthcare professionals (Sharek et al.2002, Ariello et al 2004). In the document ‘Wining Ways’ released by the DH (2003), it is clearly stated that hand hygiene is essential to reducing the exposure of patients to HAIs, therefore the responsibility remains with staff to  demonstrate high levels of compliance in hand disinfection protocols. However, improving compliance with hand hygiene remains a pressing patient safety concern (Lautenbach, 2001). The WHO (2009), developed a strategy known as â€Å"Five Moments for Hand Hygiene† to improve hand hygiene compliance among healthcare workers and to add value to any hand hygiene improvement strategy, also to educate healthcare workers about the benefits of effective hand washing correlated with the correct techniques and timing of hand hygiene. The strategy indicates that cleaning hands at the right time and in the correct way should be an indispensable element of care, and form an integral part of the culture of all health service, and any failure to address this issue in a satisfactory manner could be seen as a breach of the Code of Professional Conduct. As a result it may put in question the healthcare professional fitness to practice and endanger his/ hers registration (CDC, 2002; NMC, 2006). The CDC first released formal written guidelines on handwashing in hospitals in 1975, aiming to reducing the risk of infection in hospitals, though it is believed that the idea has been around long before that (JHI, 2006). The NICE (2004) and HPA(2004) guidelines proposes that effective hand washing techniques should involve preparation, washing, rinsing, drying and the sequence should take roughly 40 to 60 seconds. The preparation, involves wetting the hands under tepid water (hot water should be avoided as it increases skin irritation) before applying liquid soap to all surfaces of the hand. Then the hands must be rubbed together, paying particular attention to the tips of the fingers, the thumbs and areas between the fingers for at least 15 seconds. Finally, the hands should be rinsed thoroughly and the taps turned off by using the elbows to avoid recontamination. The hands should be pat dry with good quality paper towels which are therefore disposed of in a foot-operated bin (NICE, 2003). The above mentioned technique should be performed immediately, before direct patient contact or care (including aseptic procedures), after direct patient contact or care, after exposure to body fluid, after any contact with patient’s surrounding i.e. bed making, after touching wound dressings, handling medication, etc. Hand rubs or alcohol gel is part of the modern hand wash procedure. They are frequently used in between hand washing, as an alternative agent to water and soap or when hands are physically clean (i.e. not contaminated with organic matter or soil),  (Endacott, Jevon and Cooper, 2009). Alcohol gel/ rub should be applied in sufficient quantity to cover hands and wrists, as any surface that is not covered may leave contamination on the hands. The hands should be rubbed together briskly for approximately 10-15 seconds, until the hands feel dry. Hands should be washed with water and soap after every five applications of alcohol hand gel. Many campaigns’ and studies in hand hygiene clearly state the responsibility of healthcare professionals in the fight of infection prevention in hospitals, however sparse studies mention the involvement of patients in the combat of same. A study revealed that 70% of patients did not receive any information in hand hygiene or other information regarding infection control and prevention when admitted to hospital (British Journal of Nursing, 2007). Several literature highlight the fact that infection may be caused by the patient’s own microbial flora or acquired from other infected patient via the contaminated hands of those delivering care (A. Mears et al, 2008). A government document originally initiated in the NHS Plan (DH, 2002) to encourage the empowerment of patients through patient information, are correlated with the clinical governance strategy of engaging patients in partnership to improve care. This new concept will empower patients by allowing them to be involved in the management of their care (Duncason and Pearson, 2005), also in decision making powers between the patient and the healthcare professional (Henderson, 2003). Moreover, this newly acquired power by the patients will also empower them to be involved in monitoring and reporting on standard of cleanliness in hospital wards (DH, 2004). Additionally, Christopher Paul Duncan and Carol Dealey (2006) did a qualitative piece of research with the purpose to explore patient opinions about asking healthcare workers to wash their hands before a clinical procedure and assess if patients knowledge and awareness about infection risks they are exposed while in hospital would influence the patients’ anxiety about asking. The method used in the study to collect data was a semi-structure questionnaire designed to be used in a descriptive survey. Data collection involves the gathering of information for qualitative and quantitative research through a variety of data sources, for instance, questionnaires, observations, interviews, conversations telephone interviews, books, past researches or studies, books and documents including, public and private documents i.e. official reports or historical  documents to specifically target objective factors or interest (Mason, 2002; Rebar et al, 2011). There are two ways of collecting data: primary or/ and secondary sources. Primary sources are collected directly by the researchers themselves, whereas secondary sources are gathered through researches or studies published by others researchers. In this particularly study the initial semi-structured questions allows the researcher to gain an insight of the participant’s feelings about asking healthcare workers to wash their hands. Asking patients to ask staff to wash their hands might be challenging as there are ethical issues attached to it. Ethical issues are mainly concerned with a balance between protecting the right of participant’s privacy, safety, confidentiality and protection from deceit, whilst at same time pursuing scientific endeavour (I. Holloway, 2008). As it is outlined in the Nuremberg Code, some basic principles are to be reviewed for ethical appropriateness (Burnard, 2006). These principles include autonomy, beneficence and non-maleficence. Autonomy re fers to recognition that participants have the right to decide on a course of action or follow it. Meaning, the participant must have reasonable awareness of the nature of the research and its possible consequences, based on that they whether give or withhold consent. The patients must feel free from coercion. In the context of research, the researcher must maximise the benefit of the patients whilst minimizing harm (Gillon, 2003), in the sense of , it may cause distress to the patients to ask staff to wash their hands as this may affect the care they get, reason why the chance of benefit should always outweigh the chance of harm (beneficence). Gillon (2003) defines non- maleficence as the avoidance of doing harm or the risk of doing harm. However in the Nuremberg Code, is outlined that a minor harm may sometimes offset a greater good, i.e. patients ask staff to wash their hands might affect the relationship with staff, but staff will be aware that patients have a voice in their care and therefore wash hands prior to start caring for them, then benefit all others patients. Researchers are required to ensure that all participants have an equal chance of be included from a study or benefit from it results. It is unfair and unjust to excluded participants from the study because their race, colour, gender, age or so on (National Research Ethics Service (NRES), 2006). The questionnaire was dispersed to a randomized convenience sample of 224 inpatients to all department of an acute NHS Trust hospital.  Sample in qualitative research seek to identify participants who have experience with the phenomenon of the interest to the researcher and who will bring as much depth, detail and complexity to the study (Rebar et al, 2011). In this study the researchers chose to use a convenience sampling. Conveniences sampling the participants are readily available; though members of the sample may not be best respondents in the illumination of the research question (Newell and Burnard, 2011). The returned sample was 185 since some patients were too sick to answer and further 34 patients refused to participate. The study showed that 73 (71.6%) patients felt less anxious to ask staff to wash their hands before a clinical procedure if they were using a badge saying ‘It’s OK to ask’. Patients well-informed about infection risks to themselves while in hospital were more anxious to ask, although an explanation could not be found. Out of 184 patients involved in the study only 25 (25.2%) were given information about hand hygiene and infection prevention when admitted in hospital, as opposed to 74 (74.7%) of patients who were given no information. The findings go against the DH (2003), plan to involve patients in their care management, also inform the patients about health issues they may face while in hospital (NPSA, 2004; Duncanson and Person, 2005). Whilst the kind of sampling and data collection strategies used by the researchers were detailed and descriptions of personal accounts were given, a purposive sampling would have been more appropriated as participants would have been intentionally selected as they would have more characteristics related to the purpose of the research, hence would have more relevant things to say (Newell and Burnard, 2011) Additionally, interviews would have been better choice for collecting data and would fill the existing gap in the study. In conclusion, several studies links poor hand hygiene to the high rates of hospital acquired infections in NHS hospitals, yet insufficient evidence was supplied to enable a view to be taken on its potential contribution to reducing infection (A. Mears et al, 2009). More work needs to be done on hand hygiene, standards monitoring and education of healthcare professionals in the management and improvement of infection prevention and control in primary care practice (Wilson, 2006). Undoubtedly, adequate hand hygiene is the foundation for infection control activities, however there are still  several actions which NHS Trust hospitals can put in place to prevent and reduce the risks of infection, including the environment, infecting microbes and antimicrobial stewardship, patterns of healthcare and the patient treatment and diagnostic interventions (Patient Environment Action Team, 2005). Thus, the literature appraisal has highlighted the lack of the research in these areas.

buy custom Cloud Computing for Business essay

buy custom Cloud Computing for Business essay Businesses in the 21st century are experiencing globalization and economic pressures, and this has prompted business owners to look for information technology solutions that are more efficient, scalable and available. Business leaders have directed their interests to the costs of technology used in delivering these solutions since they affect business activities and overall performance. Cloud computing has been pointed out as an upcoming information technology that can meet the requirement of lower ownership cost, dynamic provisions, increased efficiency and higher returns on investment (Miller Veiga, 2009). However, many IT professionals claim that cloud computing technology has many risks associated with privacy and confidentiality of using cloud. This paper will explore cloud computing characteristics, models used in offering services, benefits to businesses and risks associated with the technology. Definition of Cloud Computing Cloud computing is among the emerging information technologies, and its definition has not yet been agreed upon. According the Cloud Security Alliance and NIST cloud computing is a model that enables convenient, and on-demand access to computing resources such as applications, storage, servers and network services (Mell Grance, 2009). These resources are provided and released with minimal service provider interaction or management efforts. Cloud computing has been likened to a utility, businesses pay for this service in the same way they pay for water, gas and electricity use; the services are paid on a consumption basis. Characteristics of Cloud Computing Cloud computing comes with essential characteristics required by businesses that are operating in more competitive environments, and these characteristics include on-demand service, whereby, providers render automatic computing capabilities, which include network and server storage. This means that customers are able to access the needed service without human interaction. A cloud network has a broad network access; businesses that use this service can easily access the service using internet enabled devices such as laptops, smart phone, PDA and mobile devices (Mell Grance, 2009). The services provided by the cloud computing providers have different models that are used to serve multiple customers; the models have different physical as well as virtual resources that are dynamically assigned according to demand. Could computing is also characterized with location independence; in this case, the customer has no knowledge on location of the resources given by the provider and has no control over the resources as well. However, the customer can specify the level of abstraction in terms of data center, region or country. The resources delivered by the service provider include virtual machines, network bandwidth, memory, processing and storage. These resources are not only provided automatically, but also in unlimited quantities and at any time. The systems providing the resources are controlled automatically, and the resource use is optimized through leveraging of a metering capability, monitoring and controlling, ensuring of transparency for customers as well as the provider of the service (Mell Grance, 2009). Benefits of Cloud Computing Services Businesses in the 21st century enjoy benefits that never existed before cloud computing, most business owners are attracted to cloud computing because of a promise to increase financial savings. According to survey carried out in 2009 by IT executives and CIOs in Asia, 41% of the participants in the survey were considering using cloud solutions in their businesses or are already using cloud solutions, which shows that more businesses believe that cloud computing can solve their IT problems. This service gives many businesses an opportunity to streamline their business processes and increase innovation; business owners experience an increase in productivity as well as a transformation in business processes through ways that were considered expensive before cloud computing (IDC, 2009). Organizations in this era concentrate more on their core business, and not on scalability of infrastructure; the organization's business peak demands to perform well can be easily solved using cloud comp uting. All the improvements in operation and performance are realized because of the following benefits offered by cloud computing. a) Cost Containment Could computing gives business enterprises the opportunity of scalability with less financial commitments for purchasing infrastructure and maintenance, and any organization that needs cloud computing services does not incur any capital expenditure, and services are available on demand. Organizations are also allowed to save by eliminating costs that come with wasted resources, such as unused server space, and experiment with new technologies without a large investment (Qian et al., 2009). Cloud computing also has different models, and organizations have the freedom to compare the costs of using different models, and choose the model they think reduces their costs. According to the research carried out in 2010 by Khajeh-Hosseini and others, changing data centers from organization infrastructure to cloud infrastructure saves close to 37% of a companys cost over 5 years. b) Immediacy Most business enterprises that use cloud computing in the 21st century highlight that the service is provided and utilized within a day; the services are provided fast when compared to conventional information technology projects that took weeks or months before their actual utilization. Cloud computing reduces costs that are related to the delay in the provision of computing services. c) Availability Cloud computing service providers have a well established infrastructure and bandwidth that satisfies businesses high speed access, application and storage requirements. The service providers frequently have redundant paths; therefore, they do load balancing to ensure that service systems are not overloaded causing service delay (IDC, 2009). This means that businesses are assured that the service is not interrupted, especially at times when it is much needed; however, businesses are advised to take precautions in case of service interruptions. d) Scalability The service providers have unconstraint capacity, which means that they have high flexibility and scalability for the ever changing IT needs. Organizations benefit from this feature because they do not worry of purchasing and changing to new applications and requirements; the changes are done by the cloud computing service providers, and are implemented on demand Qian et al. (2009). This also saves organizations from time wasted on implementation of the new services. e) Efficiency Most organizations using cloud computing services relocate their information management operations to cloud and focus their efforts on research and development, and innovation. This allows a business to grow in its products and businss activities, and this might be more beneficial to an organization than financial advantages (Qian et al., 2009). Through product growth and development, an organization improves its public image and earns customer confidence, which leads to increase in sales and thus increasing profits. Organizations in the 21st century require a service that is reliable, a service that will ensure that business information remains untouched, and activities are not completely paralyzed in the event of a disaster. Cloud computing providers have come up with solutions for disaster scenarios and for load balancing traffic, and in situations of a natural disaster or heavy traffic the service providers have resiliency and capacity to sustain their services through an unexpected event. Potential Costs Savings Organizations that have embraced cloud computing have managed to overcome the challenge of finding right employees for the jobs offered, this has mostly been realized by SMEs, which compete for potential employees with bigger companies, and do not have enough resources for recruiting employees. Most recruitment processes take time and effort; organizations have to advertise for positions, do screening and conduct interviews, all these processes are expensive for small businesses. With cloud computing, the recruitment process is made easier and affordable, this started with the launch of Zartis, a start-up that provides a cloud-based recruitment process, where employees are recruited online (Miller Veiga, 2009). After recruiting, the program also stores information about employees in the cloud store; this means that the company that recruits using this process need only to retrieve information about the recruits and check on their answers to the interview question, and choose the qua lified candidates. Cloud computing also reduces costs related to the amount of carbon emission to the environment. The organization that uses service providers infrastructure reduces the fuel used by the organization; consequently, the organization reduces the amount of carbon emission to the environment (Miller Veiga, 2009). This means that the organization will pay less for carbon emissions. Less carbon emissions do not only reduces organization costs, but also conserves the environment, which boosts the image of the organization as an organization that cares about the environment. Organizations that use infrastructure installed by service providers save on the cost of buying and installation of the equipment, as well as its maintenance. Costs of having more employees for information management and an extra room for storing information are also reduced. Models of Cloud Computing Service Models a) Infrastructure as a Service Model This is a service that provides network transfer capabilities, storage, processing, and other fundamental computing resources. Customers that use this model do not have the full control of the underlying hardware infrastructure; they are only given the ability to deploy as well as run arbitrary software; this includes using operating systems and applications. Capabilities are delivered either as a part of a server integrated collection or a single server in a private data center. According to Lin et al. (2009), this model is suitable for administrators and infrastructure providers, and Amazon Web Services is an example of a model in this category. b) Platform as a Service This model develops an environment for installing new applications on the cloud. In this case, customers are offered platforms as solution stacks and tools that are supported by the provider. Customers using this model have no control over the infrastructure but have limited control over installed applications. According to Lin and others (2009), the target group for this model includes internet application developers, and examples are Force.com application development platforms and Google App Engine. c) Software as a Service In this model, the customer is allowed to use applications provided on the cloud infrastructure of the provider. The applications are accessed using a client interface, for instance, a web browser is used to access applications such as Microsoft Word, Excel among others. The cloud infrastructure is not managed or controlled by the customer. This service model is divided into applications and application services, and according to Lin and other (2009), this service model suites IT and application users. Examples of SaaS service model include customer relationship management software of Salesforce.com and Google Docs office suite Deployment Models a) Public Cloud This is a traditional cloud computing model; it is available either to a large industry group or to the general public, and owned by cloud computing service providers. In this model, resources are provided from a third party providers site, the third party provider shares the resources with a large industry or the general public (Qian et al., 2009). b) Private Cloud This is a model that is exclusively for an organization; it can be controlled by a third party or organization. This model might be situated on the premise or off the premise. c) Hybrid Cloud This model has a cloud infrastructure with more than one cloud with unique identities; however, the clouds are bound together by proprietary or standardized technology that ensures data and application portability (Qian et al., 2009). The providers in this model are multiple external and/or internal. d) Community Cloud Community cloud model has several organizations sharing a cloud infrastructure; it can be managed by the provider or organizations, and can be installed on the premise or off the premise. Concerns with Cloud Computing More business enterprises are continuing to embrace cloud computing, however, some are shying away from this new technology of computing. According to the research carried out by ISACA in 2010, most of the people shy away from cloud computing cite security concerns, and according to them there are more risks than benefits associated with cloud computing . In the 21st century, the business environment has become more dynamic, and more focus is on globalization, this means that many enterprises are outsourcing some of the business function. When an organization chooses to involve a third party in through cloud computing, it uses the service providers services as well as technology. The business has to cope with the providers way of running the organization, organizational culture and policies, as well as the architectures put in place; therefore, the business owners fiirst challenge is choosing a provider. Some of the factors considered are history, reputation and ability to provide sustainable services, however, ability to provide sustainable services is of more importance to ensure that services are available, and data is tracked (IDC, 2009). Therefore, many organizations do not value other factors when choosing a cloud computing service provider, and this might affect the future performance of an organization. Once the cloud provider is allowed to offer computing services, it takes the organizations responsibility of handling information, which is a critical part of the organization. If the chosen service provider does not offer services as per the agreed level, then the confidentiality of the business, and the availability of the service might be affected, and this might severely affect the business operations. Cloud computing is a service that is dynamic in nature, and sometimes it might create confusion, especially on the side of those using the service; the user might be confused on the information storage, and this might create delay in the retrieval of information (Kim et al., 2009). One of the services offered by cloud computing providers is storage of information, and this might include the organizations sensitive information. The third party access to such information might compromise the confidentiality of the organizations sensitive information; this might create a threat to the intellectual property protection, and secrets of the trade. If this information is made available to the competitors of an organization, it can be used against the organization. It is impossible to create private data networks for the organizations that choose to use public clouds unless they agree to pay for an extra cost; systems that are used in public clouds use systems that are highly available, and this might lead to commingling of the organizations information assets with other customers of the cloud provider, which include the organizations competitors (Kim et al., 2009). Cloud computing comes with its laws and regulations, and this is according to the geographic regions; these can become challenging because there is little legal precedent on cloud computing liability. The customers have to incur an extra cost on legal advice before engaging in any contract with the cloud provider; this is to seek clarity on areas that the cloud provider is liable and responsible for ramification in case issue arise later. The dynamic nature of cloud computing services makes businesses doubt the availability of the stored information, especially in the case of disaster (Kim et al., 2009). This means that cloud computing providers need to improve on their storage and application services to assure business owners of continuity and recovery of lost documents. Interventions Concerns and risks presented by cloud computing services can be controlled by the business, and the cloud computing service providers for this technology to be the benefits that come with new technology to be fully enjoyed. The risks can be controlled through the following ways: 1) Changing Issues with Cloud Computing and Governance Businesses that use cloud computing to provide its IT services should ensure that the cloud model they choose aligns with the business activities, the systems they are using are secure, and risk is minimized. This might be difficult when dealing with cloud service providers, therefore, the business should align their governance activities in order to cope with the cloud technology and the providers; these activities include defining roles and responsibilities, policy and standard development and goals of the organization (Khajeh-Hosseini et al., 2010). For instance, an organization should change its old ways of processing data and the way they develop and retrieve information, and adopt the new ways used by cloud computing providers. The organization should also realize that data security conditions are changed after adopting cloud computing services; therefore, information security policies should change to fit the security conditions presented by the cloud computing service provide rs. 2) Assurance for Cloud Computing The service provided by cloud computing service providers are prone to changes, and this makes it difficult for the service providers to convince the customers on the quality of their services (Kim et al., 2009). The service providers should improve their assurance by providing infrastructure and software services that constitute the cloud. The service providers should ensure transparency by providing effective and strong security controls, assuring their customers that their information would not be accessed, destructed or changed by unauthorized people by placing controls that would prevent, detect and react to any attempt to access the information (Khajeh-Hosseini et al., 2010). Privacy concerns are increasing among those using cloud computing services around the globe, and the service providers should prove that they are able to provide privacy of the information stored using cloud computing (Kim et al., 2009). Cloud providers should put in place privacy control measure to prevent and detect such cases in time, as well as reporting lines of communication; this should be affected before provision of services commences. The controls should be checked periodically for proper functioning. The cloud computing providers should comply with litany laws and regulations, which demand that data should be kept in one place and it should be easily received. This will ensure that the information demanded by customers is easily retrieved from the cloud store without any delay. The issue of trans-border information flow should also be clarified. The physical location of data stored in a cloud is not always known; this might be an issue because country laws on personally identifiable information are different, and what is legal in one country might not be the same in another one (Mell Grance, 2009). Providers should clarify this issue to their customers to clear their worries of breaking the country laws. Providers should also assure their customers by showing them that they are certified, therefore, they are doing the right thing; providers should endow the customers with an auditor report, which is essential in assurance programs. Conclusion Cloud computing is a technology that offers many benefits such as a reduction in cost of information management operations, infrastructure for computing services, among others; it also has different models that enable the user to choose according to the requirements, cost and benefits. However, it has been cited with risks associated to information security, and this has affected its use by business owners. There are different ways to reduce information risks, which include changing governance and aligning organizational policies on information security, roles and responsibilities, and goals to suite cloud computing services offered by the providers. Again, it should be understood, this technology is still new; therefore, it should not be quickly dismissed, and researchers should be given a chance to look for more efficient ways of reducing or eliminating the information security risk and other risks. Buy custom Cloud Computing for Business essay

Taj Mahal Tea Report Essay Example

Taj Mahal Tea Report Essay Example Taj Mahal Tea Report Essay Taj Mahal Tea Report Essay Also, to have a clear understanding of the market with respect to a particular brand and target audience. Tag Mall Tea The Champagne of Indian Tea Market For while India has romanced tea ever since the first tea plantations were laid out on the misty banks of the Paramount in the 1 sass, that was the year when the story took on a new shade. For in Thayer, in a tea tasters chamber in Kola, Brooke Bond Tag Mall Tea was born. Indians first premium brand, it emerged onto the market with a promise never made before fostering excellence to savoir the best. As palates filled with the exquisite flavor of the best tea leaves from the choicest gardens of Upper Assam, it dawned on India that the culture of tea-drinking had reached another plane. In the years that followed, Brooke Bond Tag Mall entered Indian hearts as one of the countrys most loved indigenous brands. The most remembered phase in the brands history came in the 1 sass with the signing on as brand ambassador of a young man with tousled hair, seraphic smile and exceptional skill honed by hours of practice. Kari Hussein, the rising star of Indian Classical Music, he personified the brands values. And just as he forswore all appreciation by saying Rare huzzah, way tag Billie! , Tag Mall o could rest on its laurels of having delivered to India a hazard mien eek experience. As the Old saying goes, times change and we are changed with them. As Brooke Bond Tag Mall entered the tumultuous decades of the 1 sass and asses, we kept with the times. Lives got more hectic and customers began to demand that things be delivered to them ever faster even their daily cup of tea. It was a challenge we took on with delight delivering tea that could be brewed faster, and yet tasted exactly how customers have always expected their cup of Tag Mall to taste. Applying our long-standing principles, we rated a new blend that would go on to become another of Indians iconic brands Brooke Bond Tag Mall Tea Bags. Launched in 1987, they were a first in India. Since then, weve never looked back. The time to rest on laurels was over. For over 4 decades, Tag Mall has been the gold standard of tea in India. It has been a pioneer of innovations in the Indian tea market the first premium tea, first to introduce tea bags, first and only tea brand in vacuum packs or the first to usher in new formats and concepts, like instant tea (in the form of Dessert Tea) Tag Mall is special because it is made from the rarest ND the best tea leaves. Brooke Bond experts go through a lot of rigor to ensure that only the best, freshest and juiciest tea leaves from a thousand go into every Tag Mall pack. Call us choosy but we want every cup of Tag Mall to give you the perfect censorial experience thats one in a thousand. BRAND AMBASSADORS: Tag is not just about tea. It is an experience; a product Of exquisite craftsmanship. So it is only fitting that the brand is personified by iconic brand ambassadors who symbolize perfection, expertise and unmatched finesse. Our first brand ambassador, Justas Kari Hussein, stood for excellence in the field of music. His accomplishments are truly spectacular. Our historic campaigns Way Tag and hazardous mien eek spoke about Squads rigor and passion for the quest of perfection, which he only found in a cup of Tag Mall. Then USAF All Khan came on board. His sophistication and refinement complimented the modern world of Tag Mall- The nab, instead of following his father onto the cricket field, chose a different path to success and became the nations heartthrob. His different approach to life perfectly matched Tats philosophy of lag Andean Of not just drinking tea, UT Smelling, Seeing and Savoring each sip. The latest to join Tats elite league is none other than Madrid Dixie-Nine. While she is looked upon as Madrid the mega star, she is equally praised for perfectly playing the role of a loving mother. This unique ability of attaining a perfect balance is the inspiration behind Tats latest campaign Glissandi, the perfect balance of strength and flavor. TAG MALL TEA VISION: Our vision is to convert tea lovers into tea connoisseurs. To this end, Tag Mall conducts tea appreciation workshops known as Tag Tea Trails. Each session takes you on a fascinating tea journey brewing to appreciating the finer aspects of tea. Key facts Tag Mall was launched in 1 966 by Brooke Bond. Status Kari Hussein, the table maestro was the brands ambassador for over a decade, exemplifying both discernment as well as the pursuit of excellence. This association is the longest association between a brand ambassador and a brand in the world. Tag Mall is the most premium brand of tea in the Indian market. It was the first brand to launch tea bags and is the only tea brand in India to be sold in Vacuum sealed packs. USAF All Khan has men the brand ambassador since 2006 Product Range Tea market in India Tea is globally one Of the most popular and cheapest beverages with major production centre in India, China, Kenya, Sir Lankan, Turkey Vietnam. The tea industry is one of the oldest organized industries in India with a large network of tea producers, retailers, distributors, auctioneers, exporters and packers. Total tea production in the world has exceeded 4 billion kegs with India producing about 1 billion keg of tea. During 2008 to 2013, black tea production in India increased at a compounded annual growth rate (CARR) of . 6% while consumption rose at a CARR of 2. 3%. Indians total annual tea production in 2013 is estimated at 1 200 million kegs out of which 65%, approximately 850 to 900 million kegs, is produced by the big tea gardens while about 250 million kegs tea is produced by small tea growers with land area ranging from 2 to 20 hectares. Tea export has remained flat over the years due to increasing competition in the global market and declining quality of tea produced in India. Thus the prices in the industry are expected to be stable with domestic consumption expected to be rising steadily. One of the oldest beverages, Tea makes one of the most competitive and challenging market both in terms of product and competition. The branded tea segment is one of the most highly penetrated branded products in India. Before analyzing the market segmentation, it is interesting to understand the product segmentation for the tea market. In terms Of product classification, the tea is usually divided into black and green tea primarily and internationally there is some variants of fruit/herbal tea, Instant tea, etc. Which has negligible penetration in the Indian market. Further in black tea, here are variants of standard and specialist black tea both in loose and packed form. With increasing disposable income and awareness on product differentiation (aroma, origin, taste etc), the loose/ standard tea is making way for more premium variants and flavors. At the same time, the increasing consumer health quotient is boosting sales for the green tea and its variants mint, lime/ lemon, classic etc. Green tea has been marketed for many health benefits such as weight loss, effective against diabetes and cancer, healthier skin, stronger immune systems and assisting in hair growth. This has not only resulted in consumption of premium segments but also given an overall push to the unit consumption price point per keg. To look at the market play, the total branded or the packaged tea (in various forms) market in India is -?9500 scores growing at a CARR of 5 percent. The branded tea in India can be classified into the packed, tea bag, and flavored tea segments whereas the unbranded segment is usually the loose tea both in unpacked or tea bag form. As per industry estimates, unpackaged tea accounts for over 45% of value sales of total tea sold in India and has a eminence presence in the rural market. With the aggressive marketing and promotional schemes along with wide distribution system, the rural market is opening wings to the branded or the packed tea brands national or regional alike. In terms of packaged or branded tea distribution, almost the entire urban India is deeply penetrated by various brands. As a typical FMC product, the karakas or independent smaller merchants account for the major channel accounting for as high as 65-70 percent of the sales followed by supermarkets and hypermarkets. The other slow emerging segment is the on-trade sales of EAI through food service formats such as tea lounges or tea cafes along with hundreds of chaw shops. Another channel of on-trade sales for packaged tea is the tea vending machines increasingly been installed in large office complexes and hospitals etc, but this channel shall witness crawling growth due to the smaller street chaw shops that appeals more to the Indian palate. Packet tea market is extremely penetrated with multiple brands with more than 300 brands in the country, dominated by HULL and Data tea which have a deep presence in both urban and rural market, across pack and variants and once together account for 30-40 percent of the total market in the packaged tea segment. The other regional / national players are Wigmaker, Dunces, Eveready, Goodrich, GAP, Garner,Spat, Thunders, Minion, Society, Marvel etc. Among the brands, Brooke Bond, Tag Mall, Red Rose, AY, Data Tea Premium, Data Tea Gold, Data Tea Again Dust, Wigmaker, Duncan, Data Tea Charka Gold etc are among the key brands sold in the branded, packaged segment though Milliner was the only prominent multinational player present in the Indian tea category and continued to be the market leader in the industry New introductions are being increasingly witnesses amongst various brands and notably by Twinning green tea variants, such as Green Tea and Mint, Green Tea and Lemon, Elastic, and Green Tea Jasmine. These trends are expected to run the market for next couple of years. Premium variants, green tea and its flavors and new flavors and fruit variants shall be launched to target consumers looking for indulgence products. Not only new products, but existing players entering into various price and variant segments and new player entry shall also be expected in packaged tea market. Consumers will also continue to shift from unpackaged to branded tea offerings. Growth is also expected via expansion Of modern retail and penetration of branded or packed tea in rural market among other factors. The RD segment shall also witness a boom and many more players shall be expected to create products with lesser differentiation. On-trade sales of packaged tea shall also be another area to watch out for as new players shall enter with various product and format offerings. Tag Malls Position in the Premium tea segment Parent Company Hindustan Milliner Category : Beverage Sector : Food Products Tagging : Way Tag, Sirs chaw nah ye hay Tag, Way Way Tag Positioning : As elegant and wonderful as Tag The brand is in the growth stage on the Product Life Cycle . This is major because the brand has maintained its product quality and has been continuously adding to the product range. On the CUBE Model, the brand is resonating. The salient features of the brand are its premiums and its exclusive selection Of teas. The brand performance is excellent on the basis of perfect balance of strength and flavor. The brand is iconic in terms of imagery. The brand is perceived as excellent and elite by the consumer. The judgment about the brand is that it is superior, has great quality and is rich in taste aroma. The feelings aroused in the consumers mind are that Tag Mall is cozy and relaxing. Moreover, it generates a feeling of nostalgia in the consumers mind due to the brands rich heritage and association in the past. Thus, the consumers are loyal and consider purchasing this product despite the high competition. Competition Tag Mall is the market leader in the premium tea market. The only major competitor is DATA Tea Gold. Other than that, increasing coffee penetration is a major threat to the tea industry.

24 Words Worth Borrowing From Other Languages

24 Words Worth Borrowing From Other Languages A few decades ago, Harold Rheingold set out to find words and phrases that, he says, may help us notice the cracks between our own worldview and those of others. According to Rheingold, Finding a name for something is a way of conjuring its existence. Its a way of making it possible for people to see a pattern where they didnt see anything before. He illustrates this thesis (a version of the controversial Sapir-Whorf hypothesis) in his book They Have a Word for It: A Lighthearted Lexicon of Untranslatable Words and Phrases (reprinted in 2000 by Sarabande Books). Drawing on more than 40 languages, Rheingold examined 150 interesting untranslatable words to borrow in order to help us notice the cracks between our own worldview and those of others. Here are 24 of Rheingolds imported words. Several of them (linked to entries in the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary) have already begun migrating into English. Though its unlikely that all these words will add a new dimension to our lives, at least one or two should provoke a smile of recognition. attaccabottoni (Italian noun): a sad person who buttonholes people and tells long, pointless stories of misfortune (literally, a person who attacks your buttons).berrieh (Yiddish noun): an extraordinarily energetic and talented woman.cavoli riscaldati (Italian noun): an attempt to revive an old relationship (literally, reheated cabbage).Ã ©pater le bourgeois (French verb phrase): to deliberately shock people who have conventional values.farpotshket (Yiddish adjective): slang for something that is all fouled up, especially as the result of an attempt to fix it.fisselig (German adjective): flustered to the point of incompetence as a result of another persons supervision or nagging.fucha (Polish verb): to use company time and resources for your own end.haragei (Japanese noun): visceral, indirect, largely nonverbal communication (literally, belly performance).insaf (Indonesian adjective): socially and politically conscious.lagniappe (Louisiana French noun, from American Spanish): an ext ra or unexpected gift or benefit. lao (Chinese adjective): a respectful term of address for an older person.maya (Sanskrit noun): the mistaken belief that a symbol is the same as the reality it represents.mbuki-mvuki (Bantu verb): to shuck off clothes in order to dance.mokita (Kivila language of Papua New Guinea, noun): the truths of certain social situations that everybody knows but nobody talks about.ostranenie (Russian verb): make an audience see common things in an unfamiliar or strange way in order to enhance perception of the familiar.potlatch (Haida noun): the ceremonial act of gaining social respect by giving away wealth.sabsung (Thai verb): to slake an emotional or spiritual thirst; to be revitalized.schadenfreude (German noun): the pleasure that one feels as a result of someone elses misfortune.shibui (Japanese adjective): simple, subtle, and unobtrusive beauty.talanoa (Hindi noun): idle talk as a social adhesive. (See phatic communication.)tirare la carretta (Italian verb): to slog through dull and tedious everyday chores (literally, to pull the little cart). tsuris (Yiddish noun): grief and trouble, especially the kind that only a son or daughter can give.uff da (Norwegian exclamation): expression of sympathy, annoyance, or mild disappointment.weltschmerz (German noun): a gloomy, romanticized, world-weary sadness (literally world-grief).

The presupposition of the democratic sort of regime is freedom Essay

The presupposition of the democratic sort of regime is freedom (1317a40) - Essay Example Therefore, what is wrong with the principle that allows one to live in the custom that they desire? Indeed, this idea seems to constitute intuitively of the true definition of freedom and it does in a sense. This is because what everyone wants, on top of all else, is to be happy. Thus, every want is aimed indirectly or directly at attaining the ultimate good. What we can ascertain from this is that, in the deepest sense, what individual wants is to live a life of virtue because a virtuous life is a happy one. Aristotle starts out in Politics by discussing the origins of the city of Polisor. He seems to be clearly fascinated by this form of life that is not so old, and the possibilities that the city offers for human excellence (Aristotle et al 41). Aristotle sees it as being emergent from various natural communities such as villages and families, as well as from the relationships that are present between master and slave, parents and children, and between husband and wife. The manner in which these relationships are ordered and the communities that they are found in calls for an appropriate set of rules. Aristotle makes an argument against people who claim that every rule is the same, insisting on fundamental differences between political rules, mastery of slaves, and household management. This can be taken to indicate the basic freedom sense in Aristotle’s Politics. ... This life lets them engage with other people who are not servants or members of their family, although they are also free. Citizens can participate in the molding of their individual futures, as well as the wellbeing and futures of their community in this life. When the city and the city’s constitution fail, then freedom is lost. Despotic rule can be considered as importation of slave domestic management mode to cities that are inhabited by nominally free people. Tyranny is explained as a form of politics that has serious flaws because of its perversions to the tyrant’s sole interests (Aristotle et al 97). Aristotle considers the two manifestations freedom as democratic freedom and as it happens in the best city possible. Aristotle devotes a lot of time in his considerations of the different types of democracy. He views democracy for its weaknesses and strengths. However, he contends that democracy is driven by freedom (Aristotle et al 101). The fact that persons learn to be governed, and how to govern, is a strong feature of democracy. Using a constitution that has its prime grounded in freedom ensures that elections are done on a majority vote basis since everyone is equal. Aristotle is quick to acknowledge that the majority will often achieve judgment that is better than would be if a few people on their own made it. A more radical form of democracy, which is not sans precedence, is whereby offices are given through lots. However, this position on democracy is not uncontested. Aristotle recognizes three human life conditions that lead to justice claims, which are virtue, wealth, and freedom. It is here that we see the differences that exist between aristocrats,

The relationship between SC35 and E2F1 in the apoptotic response of Research Paper

The relationship between SC35 and E2F1 in the apoptotic response of head and neck cancer cells following cisplatin treatment - Research Paper Example The impact of head and neck cancers on the health care system can be gauged by the fact that each year almost 500,000 new cases of head and neck cancers occur globally, with almost two thirds of the cases occurring in developing nations (Marur & Forastiere, 2008; Lung, Tascau, Almasan, & Muresan, 2007). There are several risk factors for the development of head and neck cancer but amongst those, the most important are tobacco use and alcohol consumption (Forastiere, Koch, Trotti, & Sidransky, 2001). Studies have revealed that the consumption of tobacco and alcohol has the strongest association with these cancers and these factors have a synergistic effect in the causation of head and neck cancers (Leemans, Braakhuis, & Brakenhoff, 2011). It has been found that tobacco usage increases the risk of developing head and neck cancer from five to up to twenty five-fold (Marur & Forastiere, 2008). Moreover, the use of both tobacco and alcohol leads to a forty times greater risk for these can cers (Marur & Forastiere, 2008). ... Over the last few years, there has been an increase in the incidence of cancers occurring at the base of the tongue and the tonsils. This changing trend has been attributed to the increase in the occurrence of HPV-associated squamous cell carcinoma (discussed above) which occurs due to HPV infection following oral sex, which has become an increasingly popular practice amongst the younger generation (Marur & Forastiere, 2008). More recently, it has become common practice to classify head and neck tumors into two main subcategories based in the underlying aetiologies and risk factors, viz. HPV-positive and HPV-negative head and neck tumors. Studies have revealed that these tumors belonging to these two categories differ in not only the aetiology and causative factors but also have different underlying molecular mechanisms, which cause them to have different levels of tumor severity and prognosis (Leemans, Braakhuis, & Brakenhoff, 2011). Head and neck cancer is a heterogeneous disease, which can arise due to several different molecular mechanisms, each of which have different implications for the cancer invasiveness, severity, response to treatment, prognosis and patient survival rates (Leemans, Braakhuis, & Brakenhoff, 2011). Cancers are shown to be clonal replications of cells that have acquired certain genetic alterations which cause them to undergo unchecked cellular proliferation. These genetic alterations can occur in two main classes of genes which are important in the cell cycle, viz. proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes (Forastiere, Koch, Trotti, & Sidransky, 2001) In the case of tumors of the head and neck, studies have revealed that the most commonly implicated genetic change in tumors of this region is the loss of region 9p21

Hispanics, African-Americans and other cultural Term Paper

Hispanics, African-Americans and other cultural - Term Paper Example This term paper aims at describing the under representation of Hispanics, African-Americans and other cultural in mass media. Mass broadcasting have participated and will persist to perform a crucial function in the manner Americans observe African-Americans. As an outcome of the overwhelming broadcasting focus on misconduct, drug use, group violence, and other shapes of defiant social conduct between African-Americans, the broadcasting have promoted a distorted and malicious public opinion of African-Americans (Mastro and Greenberg 112). The description of African-Americans is a long period struggle in opposition to oppression and favoritism. The mass media have participated in perpetuating the consequences of this historical persecution and in influencing to African-Americans' ongoing position as second-class inhabitants. As an outcome, America has experienced from a profound doubt as to description of African-Americans. Despite this ethnic division, something indisputably the whit es concerning African-Americans has produced doubts concerning the white man's worth system (Mastro and Greenberg 113). Exploring how ethnic minorities are represented on TV is beneficial for two main reasons (Mastro and Greenberg 114). ... It has been recorded that television has turn out to be the â€Å"nation’s main story-teller† (Mastro and Greenberg 116). This term paper imitates earlier masterpiece by Mastro and Greenberg who discovered the illustration and portrayal of Caucasian, Latino and African American or black individuals on television. Mastro and Greenberg discovered that, Latinos were not represented on television compared to the African Americans and the Caucasians (116). They comprised of 3% of TV characters. Their study was significant because they described that Latino TV characters were not as destructively categorized as African American television character. Initial studies by Mastro and Robinson suggested that media metaphors and messages operate as a reasoning filter to aid how individuals represent the world. Others researchers have claimed that media has the â€Å"ability to reach the very remote areas of the human consciousness. If media images influence stereotypes, then ethnic minorities were negatively categorized on media is difficult. They noted that these negative stereotypes shaped how audiences think about ethnic minorities. Mastro and Robinson argued that media uninterruptedly supports views opinions over a long period (117). Proposing a culture hypothesis, Mastro and Robinson posited that media images update public feelings about the communal world (117). Specifically, fostering theory projected that oppressive exposure to mass media, TV in particular, formed how audiences saw the actual world. What such audiences believe as appropriate character portrayals, morals and philosophies are progressively in line with individuals presented on screen. Similarly, Lauzen and Dozier argued that mass media images, collectively with existed experience,

Accounting Ethics Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Accounting Ethics - Term Paper Example Modern business world is facing serious problems from different ethical issues in accounting segment. Any kind of ethical problem related to accounting ethics can be the very serious issue for organizations. Here in this study, the problem statement is impacts of different financial fraudulent reporting. It is a very sensitive problem for all size business organizations. Each and every business organization maintains some accounting systems into their business activities. If any fraudulent activity has been indulging into those systems, and then total accounting system will give the false statement. It is very much detrimental to both organization and stakeholders. It is being noticed that due to some personal or narrow benefits accountants or auditors often include fraudulent activities into their accounting process. It is a huge ethical problem from the side of accountants or auditors. Fraudulent financial reporting has negative impacts on organization’s financial health. Or ganizations manage accounting for understanding their financial performances (Charles, 2008). On the basis of that, they fix their future courses of actions. But manipulated accounting prevents them to take proper strategic decisions. It is quite obvious that different strategies will be failure if financial reports are manipulated. It has very serious impact on the future of an organization. Every organization generates some employments. So, fraudulent financial reporting can be very much harmful to employees also.

Business Strategy Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Strategy Questions - Essay Example In many companies and organisations, however, this area of social responsibility is often not identified as a major or separate functional area; instead the responsibility is vested on an individual or managing staff, which frequently performs within the human resources management area. (Anderson, 1989, p. 15) Most companies find it no simple matter to formulate and implement socially responsible actions and programs; however, all companies must become concerned and involved in this area. To operate without major disruptions, a company must at all times be in compliance with legal requirements international, federal, state, and local. It must develop, establish, implement, and police a code of ethical and moral conduct for all members of its organisation. In the area of implementing activities on behalf of CSR, where there is considerably more latitude of operations in how, when, where, and even if the company or division wants to contribute money or other resources to 'worthy causes', the firm must deliberate about and resolve many questions prior to establishing fair and workable guidelines. Gone are the 'showing damn to public' attitudes once held by some companies. With a more active government and populace, company social responsibility in each of the three major areas has continued to gain greater concern and prominence over the past several decades. Social responsibility will continue to take more time, money, consideration, and concern in all future management decisions and actions. Diverse managerial skills, ranging from simple to highly complex, are required in all of these areas of social responsibility. It is the social and moral responsibility of an organisation to consider and recognise the rights or interests of various stakeholders first, not only stockholders and employees but also outsiders affected by the company's actions. Among outsiders include customers, suppliers, governments, unions, competitors, local communities, and the general public whereas stakeholder groups justifiably expect and often demand that the firm satisfy their claims in a responsible manner. In general, stockholders claim appropriate returns on their investment; employees seek broadly defined job satisfactions; customers want what they pay for; suppliers seek dependable buyers; unions seek benefit for their members; local communities want the company to be a responsible citizen; and the general public expects the company's existence to improve the quality of life. To be successful in today's business environment, which is dynamic and complex at the same time, organisations must attempt to incorporate t he interests of these groups when defining their strategy or making business decisions. (Sims, 2003, p. 40) To build an enduring and resilient competitive advantage, an organisation must establish strong relationships with all of its key stakeholders due to the fact that no organisations in today's infrastructure can afford to ignore certain other specialised and highly influential groups which include government agencies that look at organisation compliance with regulatory standards, financial-ratings

Accounting Ethics Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Accounting Ethics - Term Paper Example Modern business world is facing serious problems from different ethical issues in accounting segment. Any kind of ethical problem related to accounting ethics can be the very serious issue for organizations. Here in this study, the problem statement is impacts of different financial fraudulent reporting. It is a very sensitive problem for all size business organizations. Each and every business organization maintains some accounting systems into their business activities. If any fraudulent activity has been indulging into those systems, and then total accounting system will give the false statement. It is very much detrimental to both organization and stakeholders. It is being noticed that due to some personal or narrow benefits accountants or auditors often include fraudulent activities into their accounting process. It is a huge ethical problem from the side of accountants or auditors. Fraudulent financial reporting has negative impacts on organization’s financial health. Or ganizations manage accounting for understanding their financial performances (Charles, 2008). On the basis of that, they fix their future courses of actions. But manipulated accounting prevents them to take proper strategic decisions. It is quite obvious that different strategies will be failure if financial reports are manipulated. It has very serious impact on the future of an organization. Every organization generates some employments. So, fraudulent financial reporting can be very much harmful to employees also.

Things fall apart by Chinua Achebe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Things fall apart by Chinua Achebe - Essay Example The Ibos were already rich with religion and traditions before the coming of the missionaries. Therefore, two religions contrasted each other when the missionaries went to spread the word of God to the Ibo community. The differences and similarities between the two religions of Ibo and Christianity are seen through the conversation between Mr. Brown, the missionary and Akunna, one of the Ibo’s religious elders. When Mr. Brown entered the village of Umuofia to spread the word of God, he met with Akunna. They then engaged in a conversation that demonstrates the differences that exist between the religion of Ibo clan and Christianity that was professed by the missionaries like Mr. Brown. One of the key differences between the two religions is that Ibo clan’s religion practiced polytheism while Christianity practiced monotheism. The main similarity is that both religions believed in a supernatural being. The traditional religion of the Ibo and the Christian religion brought by missionaries were different in some ways and similar in other ways. Both religions believe in a supernatural being. They both believe in their supernatural beings and respect them. They believe that the supernatural being could help them in their troubles and give them good things. In fact, the defenders of Ibo religion believed that their god was almighty, just as Christians viewed their God.

Challenges and Achievements Essay Example for Free

Challenges and Achievements Essay Have you ever watched in disbelief at other peoples achievements, thinking to yourself how were they able to get there? The Answer is exactly the opposite of the following statement There are no challenges so difficult, no goals so impossible, as the ones we set ourselves Its because they themselves set their goals and as a result made it happen. The goals that we set ourselves may surely be very hard to achieve sometimes but still possible. on the contrary, the challenges that happen to us unexpectedly or from the outside world which are way more impossible to overcome. Every year the famous Olympics are being held were the most talented athletes from all over the world come to show their abilities and get the most honorable medal one could get. Right after the Olympic season the Paralympics start, were all the disabled athletes are being given the chance to shine. And its astonishing how people in wheelchairs, without arms and without legs are ambitious to show that they can be something and be counted within the Olympics despite their disabilities. Even One athlete without any legs was actually running beside all those who had normal functioning legs, and he actually won. Reading it in the headlines of the morning newspaper, just made me truly believe that there are no goals a person sets himself that are impossible. In addition my own personal experience with challenges prove that whatever a person wants to achieve, he will, even if it sounds impossible to others. In order to complete my B.A I had to pass the math CLEP test. i was always bad in math and numbers are really not my specialty, but I knew Im surely no less capable then all the others that passed the test. All my friends told me how hard it was even for them and how impossible its going to be for me but my score proved them wrong. Read more:Â  Personal Challenge Essay Of course I worked really hard and studies for hours, but in the end I did it. A person knows himself best, he knows his abilities and strength so when he sets himself a goal, with working hard he will eventually get there. On the other hand challenges that come to us unexpectedly are way harder to overcome than our self-made ones. Prove to that are all the many challenges of sudden disasters, like this years hurricane sandy or major poverty, or sudden loss of a family member. People who were affected by the hurricane have lost their possessions, house and stabilization. In addition to their everyday challenges they have this, which will take them many years to recover from. Those are challenges that are hard to pass, and when one compares those to passing a math Clep, those seem way tougher. People often set hard-to-reach goals and sometimes they fail or succeed in pursuing those goals, but nonetheless there possible. Additionally i do think, though that for many, the most difficult challenges come from outside the individual, from the outside world and nature. Besides, without any challenges we wouldnt be able to achieve so many great things. So lets embrace our challenges, work hard and prove that whatever we want to achieve, we can. The next time i have a challenge to face ill think of that athlete who made it to the top despite all odds. After all nobody said you cannot learn from others in order to achieve the impossible.

Review role responsibilities and boundaries as a teacher

Review role responsibilities and boundaries as a teacher Ensuring learning takes place so the syllabus requirements are met and the students are likely to succeed in their assessment. This is increasingly important in todays climate for the tutors career and the colleges reputation. Being up to date in the subject you are teaching and developing good practice in your own area, learning how to evaluate, reflect and communicate. Adhering to your organisations code of practice, procedures and maintaining appropriate conduct within the college for example dressing and acting appropriately, not swearing in front of the students and also outside, for example working in the sex industry would bring the profession into disrepute being aware of the organisations procedures for first aid, accident reporting, evacuation procedures and support services such as IT, library, welfare. Being prepared: arriving in advance to arrange the environment so the class can start on time back up resources are available, for example in case of technology failure, and a contingency plan in case students finish more quickly, or slowly than expected. all materials needed are available Completing all relevant records, attendance and exam submission etc Being available for tutorials and support To respect and value all learners equally and to provide equality of opportunity and accessible activities to suit the diversity of learners. This includes ensuring the environment is supportive and conducive to learning, and ensuring the students are treating each other with respect and to be seen to be dealing with discriminatory behaviour. Learning is accessible and inclusive: The tutor has the responsibility to ensure the needs of all learners are recognised and catered for. The teacher may wish to profile the group in the beginning weeks to assess how they learn best, for example Honey and Mumfords 1986 profiling; activist, pragmatist, theorist, reflector. This looks at a learners tendencies, do they prefer traditional teaching methods such as didactic delivery, or active discussion etc. Another profiling method was developed in 1987 by Fleming; he noted three styles of learning. He called these visual- like seeing, aural- like listening and kinaesthetic like doing. These are apart from any special needs students may have. Its essential to acknowledge that everyone is different and brings various strengths, weaknesses, experiences etc to the class. The teaching style, method, resources and assessment can then be adapted to the needs of the individuals in the group. Inclusivity and differentiation are core components of the curriculum for teacher education for the learning and skills sector. They are an accepted part of the body of expert competence and knowledge expected of s tutor in the learning and skills sector. Tummons p101? To provide assessment and feedback. Assessment is a way of finding out if learning has taken place. It enables you, the assessor to ascertain if your students have gained the required skills and knowledge needed at a given point towards a course or qualification. Gravells p75 2007 preparing Assessment and feedback are necessary for the student to know how they are doing and how they can improve. Feedback and assessment can be given throughout the learning process, acknowledging each students contribution and saying something positive about it. Feedback also ensures the teacher knows that students understand the content, and this is useful for lesson evaluation and improvement. Initial assessment may be carried out, if students have to have a level of prior knowledge to get onto the course, commonly this may be a certain level of literacy and numeracy. This helps to ensure the student has the basic skills to sucessfully complete the course. Most people need encouragement, to be told when they are doing something well and why. When giving feedback it can really help the student to hear first what they have done well, followed by what they need to improve, and then to end on a positive note or question to keep them motivated. This is sometimes referred to as the praise sandwich. Gravells p86 preparing Specific comments which highlight what was good or could be improved are more useful to the learner than general comments, such as well done or could do better. To ensure the environment and materials are appropriate It is a good idea to arrive in advance of the lesson to ensure that: The teaching room is laid out as you want it and there is enough seating and workspace. Interactive sessions may work best with tables grouped together. Any equipment you want is present and working. The tutor is responsible for the health and safety of the students so you may have to report if the room is not safe. Materials are appropriate for the group, for example you have extension materials available and any resources are adapted for students with special needs, for example large font handouts. To maintain an awareness and abide by relevant legislation for example Every Child Matters, Data Protection and Disability Discrimination Act. Boundaries The boundaries between teachers and students are arguably less clear now than before the advent of informal communication devices, such as email, mobile phones and social networking technologies. Through these technologies teachers and students can associate virtually outside of the college environment. The college may even encourage teachers to be accessible, even of hours, and to participate in forums and online discussions. It is a matter of current debate if teachers should allow students to be their friend on sites such as Facebook, as through these teachers may reveal personal information that may undermine their authority or lead to over familiarity or even electronic stalking. Actual meetings outside of college should also be avoided, as should making friendships, this may blur the boundaries between teacher and student and lead to accusations of favouritism. Avoiding physical contact is now generally considered best practice, and if one to one sessions are taking place in a non public area it is advisable to leave the door open. This openness is less likely to lead to accusations of inappropriate contact. Once upon a time, teachers simply did not exist outside school. There was a fixed distance; a clear definition of roles; lines that should not and, more often than not, could not be crossed. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦That fixed distance is shortening; those old boundaries between professional and private, home and school, formal and informal are blurring. http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/2009/sep/23/teacher-pupil-sexual-relationship T2 Summarise the key aspects of current legislative requirements and codes of practice relevant to the teaching role. Control of substances hazardous to health 2002 (COSHH) o Covers substances which can cause ill health. Contains provisions to prevent injury or illness from dangerous substances. Good management which help assess risks, implement any measures needed to control exposure and establish good working practices Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurences Regulations 1995 (RIDDOR) The statutory obligation to report deaths, injuries, diseases and dangerous occurrences that take place at work or in connection with work Fire Precautions (Workplace) Regulations 1997 Plans and procedures in case of fire. The Workplace Fire Precautions Legislation brings together existing Health Safety and Fire Legislation to form a set of dedicated Fire Regulations with the objective, to achieve a risk appropriate standard of fire safety for persons in the workplace. The Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1992 Precautions when lifting or moving heavy objects. Risk assessment Health and Safety (First Aid) Regulations 1981 Legal duty to keep a first aid box and have at least one appointed person. Race relations (Amendment) act 2000 To promote equality of opportunity, and good relations between racial groups Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001 (SENDA) To make reasonable adjustments so they are not disadvantaged. The UN Convention on the Rights of the child International human rights treaty applies to children under 18. Gives them certain rightsa such as the right to have their views taken into account, to be free from violence, have rights to expression. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Equal opportunities act à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Data protection act 2007 safeguards the rights of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and its free movement. The Data Protection Act (1998) was drafted to ensure the privacy of personal information stored electronically on computers nationwide. The Act aims to promote high standards in the handling of personal information, and so to protect the individuals right to privacy. Anyone holding data relating to living individuals in electronic format (and in some cases, on paper) must follow the Acts 8 data protection principles: The 8 Principles of Data Protection Under the DPA, personal information must be: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fairly and lawfully processed à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Processed for specified purposes à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Adequate, relevant and not excessive à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Accurate, and where necessary, kept up to date à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Not kept for longer than is necessary à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Processed in line with the rights of the individual à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Kept secure à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Not transferred to countries outside the European Economic Area unless there is adequate protection for the information http://www.bytestart.co.uk/content/legal/35_2/data-protection-overview.shtml à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Health and safety at work act 1974 Protecting employees against risks to health and safety. Responsibility for h and s with the employer, but also duties on employees to for their own safety. Provision of safety equipment, training and risk assessements. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Special educational needs and disabilities act 2001 (an amendment to the Disability discrimination act 1995) o Disability discrimination Act 1995, Making it unlawful to discriminate against disabled persons in employment and the provision of goods and facilities The Disability Equality Duty (DED) The Disability Discrimination Act (DDA) 1995 has been amended by the Disability Discrimination Act 2005 The General Duty The Act sets out a General Duty, which requires that public bodies have due regard to the need to eliminate unlawful discrimination and promote equal opportunities for disabled people. They will also need to consider the elimination of harassment of disabled people, promotion of positive attitudes and the need to encourage the participation of disabled people in public life. Clearly, this General Duty has implications for the educational sector and the way that local authorities, schools, colleges and universities set about equalising opportunities for disabled pupils, students, staff and parents. http://www.teachingexpertise.com/articles/implementing-the-new-disability-equality-duty-975 In 2001, the special educational Needs and disability Act (SENDA) was introduced, and from 2003, a new section of the Disability Discrimination Act (DDA) came into force. DDA part 4 all providers of post-compulsory education were legally obliged not to discriminate against students with disabilities, this may mean making reasonable adjustments for a student with a disability. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Further education and training act 2007 The Further Education and Training Act 2007 has today received Royal Assent. It was introduced into Parliament on 20 November 2006 and completed its passage on 18 October 2007 The Further Education and Training Act enables key aspects of the further education reforms described in the March 2006 White Paper Further Education: Raising Skills, Improving Life Chances. The further education system will be able to increase participation and achievement still further and so play its full part in achieving the skills challenge articulated by Lord Leitch. The Act includes: powers which will enable the specification of further education institutions in England to award their own foundation degrees; provision enabling the Learning and Skills Council (LSC), in certain circumstances specified in the Act, to intervene in the management of unsatisfactory further education provision in England, with similar powers for Welsh Ministers to intervene in institutions in Wales; http://www.dius.gov.uk/press/23-10-07.html à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Office for standards in education (Ofsted) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Employment equality (age) regulations 2006 vocational training. The Employment Equality (Age) Regulations 2006 becomes law on 1 October 2006. This law makes it illegal to discriminate against employees, job seekers or trainees on the grounds of age. Age is accepted as the commonest form of discrimination in the workplace. We already have laws in place to prevent differential treatment on the grounds of race, gender, disability, sexual orientation, and religion. This is not just a law to help older workers keep their jobs until they retire, but to give all workers irrespective of age, a longer and better quality of working life. Younger workers will benefit because they will be paid the rate for the job, not a lower rate than older workers doing the same job. All businesses benefit from the value of a diverse workforce. Discrimination and victimisation are counter-productive and lead to an unhappy workplace where staff turnover is greater and job satisfaction diminished. Training will no longer be refused to workers because they are close to retirement or because they are too young. No employee should make derogatory remarks about another employees age terms such as wet behind the ears, old codger, should have retired years ago and other such remarks are discriminatory and therefore after 1 October 2006 will be illegal. http://diversity.monster.co.uk/10378_en-GB_p1.asp à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Learning and skills act 2000 Race relations Act 1976 under this act discrimination on the grounds of colour, race, nationality, ethnic, or national origins is illegal. The Equal Pay Act 1970 is an Act of the United Kingdom Parliament which prohibits any less favourable treatment between men and women in terms of pay and conditions of employment. For an employee to claim under this Act they must prove one of the following: That the work done by the claimant is the same, or broadly the same, as the other employee. That the work done by the claimant is of equal value to that of the other employee. That the work done by the claimant is rated (by a job evaluation study) the same as that of the other employee. Sex Discrimination Act 1975 under this act treating anyone less favourably because of their sex or marital status is illegal. The Children Bill 2004, keeps a record of information about children, and their involvement with health, legal and social services to help to track them, for protection. One of the duties placed on Local Authorities is to make arrangements to promote co-operation between agencies and other appropriate bodies (such as voluntary and community organisations) in order to improve childrens well-being (where well-being is defined by reference to the five outcomes), and a duty on key partners to take part in the co-operation arrangements. Every child matters professionals enabled and encouraged to work together in more integrated front-line services, built around the needs of children and young people; common processes which are designed to create and underpin joint working; a planning and commissioning framework which brings together agencies planning, supported as appropriate by the pooling of resources, and ensures key priorities are identified and addressed; and strong inter-agency governance arrangements, in which shared ownership is coupled with clear accountability. A code of practice standardises the work of a profession and sets out the service that should be expected. This gives the public confidence in the work of the profession and makes the profession publicly accountable. There are 2 key organisations involved with codes or practice within the learning and skills sector Lifelong Learning UK (LLUK) 2005 and the institute for Learning (IfL). Ifl code includes à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..www.ifl.ac.uk/members_area/code_prof.html New professional Standards for teachers, Tutors and trainers in the Lifelong Learning Sector www.lifelonglearninguk.org CS1 Understanding and keeping up to date with current knowledge in respect of our own specialist area. CS2 Enthusing and motivating learners in own specialist area CS3 Fulfilling the statutory responsibilities associated with own specialist area of teaching. CS4 Developing good practice in teaching own specialist area. T4 discuss issues of equality and diversity and ways to promote inclusion with your learners. Review other points of referral available to meet the potential needs of learners. The further education sector is known for making education and training accessible to a diverse population of learners, and to provide opportunities for certain groups in society that have been excluded. In the lifelong learning sector, especially with the current emphasis on work based learning, the base of learners is more diverse than ever before. Tummons describes three key terms in the learning and skills sector: Widening participation learners from underrepresented groups are recruited and supported to enable them to take part in education. Differentiation teaching and learning is planned to take account of the individuality of learners. Inclusive practice ways of learning and teaching that encourage the fullest participation by all learners. Although the terms equality and diversity are often heard in the same sentence there are key differences in their meaning. Equality seems to infer that everyone should have equal opportunities, in this case in education, so you may think this means everyone should receive the same education and you can provide the same learning activities. However, recognising the diversity of learners means that one size does not fit all, and to provide equality of opportunity we actually need to recognise that learners will require a diversity of educational opportunities and may need to be treated differently. Tutors cannot treat their group as just one big group of learners: it is made up of individuals, who may need slightly different things from their tutor or their college in order to make the most of their course or programme of study. Tummons becoming Equality may be achieved by: Flexible courses timing and venue Distance learning Support within the classroom i.e. a note taker or signer Providing additional support in the form of key skills Providing assistive technology i.e. magnifiers for visually impaired learners, speech recognition software. Someone with mental health issues may need more one to one support. Financial provision free travel, childcare, subsidised or free course fees, i.e. EMA Blind marking of work, where the tutor does not know who completed the work. Ensuring resources and language used is non sexist, and non stereotypcal Include multi cultural examples and case studies Challenge discriminatory or stereotypical comments by learners and ensure mutual understanding between different cultures, religions and age groups. Arrange the physical layout of the classroom to take account of any special needs: For example hearing impaired students should sit near the front of the class and you shouldnt talk facing away from them. Allow room for wheelchairs and arrange ground floor accommodation. Ensure resources are accessible and inclusive, for example dyslexic students may find it easier to read black text on a yellow background. Teaching and assessment is delivered in a variety of ways maybe an assignment can be in the form of an oral presentation The teachers attitude towards the diversity of students will also be noticed and may influence the learners. They will be picking up on the way the tutor is handling the class and how they are talking to students, therefore its important to be a good role model. Tummons p101 Petty p69 all students must feel that they are positively and equally valued and accepted, and that their efforts to learn are recognised, and judged without bias. ..they must feel that they, and the groups to which they belong (eg ethnic, gender, social-class or attainment groups) are fully and equally accepted and valued by you, and the establishment in which you work. The introduction of ILPs for many courses helps individual learners to plan what they want to achieve and the required outcomes. The tutor can then monitor the learners progress against these goals. Wallace 2007 p114, When talking about a lesson plan: An additional column headed inclusion and differentiation woulod remind the teacher at the planning stage to think carefully about the issue of inclusiveness in relaation to the learners for whom the learning experiences are being planned. And it would act a sa reminder after the lesson to evaluate the success or otherwise of these alternative strategies, which might also have included different ways of assessing or recording an individuals achievement. Information about equal opportunities may also be available within the institution: posters in the classroom Equality policy explained at induction and in the student handbook. Equal Opportunities: Governors must ensure that the school acts with fairness and with regard to equality in everything it does. This is with regard to all of the following: race disability sex sexual orientation religion or belief age (in relation to employment) This section outlines the national framework for change which is underpinned by the Children Act 20041 3.9 The Government is committed to ensuring more young people stay on in education and training until they are 19. The aim is to make sure that young people are supported to realise their potential and develop positively through their teenage years. We want to provide a wider range of opportunities for young people and we want to ensure appropriate and timely support for young people with additional needs. This will include better advice and guidance, more tailored to the needs of the young person and relevant to todays world. Duty to safeguard and promote the welfare of children and young people commences 1 October 2005. Equivalent duty on schools in Section 175 Education Act (2002) already in force. Align with equivalent duty on schools and Further Education through the Education Act (statutory guidance Safeguarding Children in Education, Sept 2004). Comply with the Special Educational Needs (SEN) statutory framework. Review policies and support for SEN to ensure: effective delegation of resources to support early intervention and inclusion; reduced reliance on statements; ensure appropriate provision; improve specialist advice and support to schools and information to parents; and reduce bureaucracy. Consider how best to work with other Local Authorities and SEN Regional Partners to share ideas and plan support. Consider how to promote effective support for SEN in early years. Introduction Section 140 of the Learning and Skills Act 2000 places a power and a duty on the Secretary of State to make arrangements for the assessment of young people with learning difficulties and disabilities when they are undertaking or likely to undertake post-16 education or training or higher education. The Learning and Skills Act 2000 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It made changes in the funding and administration of further education, and of work-based learning (or apprenticeships) for young people, within England and Wales. Every Child Matters, or ECM for short, is a UK government initiative that was launched in 2003, at least partly in response to the death of Victoria Climbià ©. It has been the title of three government papers and the website www.everychildmatters.gov.uk, and led to the Children Act 2004. Every child matters covers children and young people up to the age of 19. Its main aims are for every child, whatever their background or their circumstances, to have the support they need to: Be healthy Stay safe Enjoy and achieve Make a positive contribution Achieve economic well-being Each of these themes has a detailed outcomes framework attached to it which require multi-agency partnerships working together to achieve them. These include childrens centres, early years, schools, childrens social work services, primary and secondary health services, playwork, and Child and Adolescent Mental Health services (CAMHS) . It is important that all professionals working with children are aware of the contribution that could be made by each service and plan their work accordingly.[1] It is now in place in all schools[2] throughout the United Kingdom and it is the central goal of Every Child Matters to ensure every pupil is given the chance to be able to work towards the goals referenced within it. 5. Achieve economic well-being Engage in further education, employment or training on leaving school Ready for employment Every Child Matters Every Child Matters: Change for Children is a new approach to the well-being of children and young people from birth to age 19. The Governments aim is for every child, whatever their background or their circumstances, to have the support they need. This means that a variety of organisations, including those involved with education, will be teaming up to share information and work together, to protect children and young people from harm and help them achieve what they want in life. monitoring the educational progress of all looked after children who are being educated within their authority, whatever the setting (school and 14-19 further education settings), as if they were attending a single school. T3 ground rules Act confidently with the class from the beginning, body language, initially teachers have authority because of their role, and should expdect to be obeyed. Apply rules and sanctions Use manners polite, use names, use icebreakers to ensure leasrners get to know each other Role model of being prepared, organised, provide actiities to engage learners, Express rules clearly, apply them consistently, negotiate rules Decide what BEHAVIOUR IS ACCEPTABLE DEPENDING ON THE LEARNER. Be aware what behaviour is appropriate dont expect the impossible Students need to know what you expect from them and what they can expect from you during the course. They need to know where the boundaries lie and what will happen if they step over the boundaries. Put them up on the wall Have a written contract Tell them what they can expect from the teacher Aware of college disciplinary procedure Can be revisited or revised Explain the vALUE of having rules Ask them for good and bad examples of classroom behaviour in respect of learning, what makes learning difficult Agree or disagree with a set of rules Should they be revised what are the consequences http://tlp.excellencegateway.org.uk/tlp/it/resource/assets/documents/agreeing_rules_cl.pdf important because everyone may have varying expectations of appropriate behaviour. I see ground rules as mutually agreed reciprocal arrangements where others views and needs are appreciated and valued. This creates a safe and respectful space in which all participants have the opportunity to benefit from the learning experience. Group discussion of expectations and incorporation of all views ensures that every student feels heard and included. This form of inclusion facilitates a memorable establishment of ground rules which are individually as well as collectively meaningful. When discussing ground rules with learners it is important for the teacher to establish their own rules which reflect their commitment to the teaching/learning relationship. My own ground rules would incorporate being fully prepared for lessons and ensuring I keep good time for classes to start and finish promptly. I would reciprocate learners commitment to completing assignment by making sure that all marking is completed and returned in equally good time. Further rules to ensure students get the most out of their learning experience encompasses my making sure all have an equal voice when expressing opinions.